Global History (the synonymous of "world history" in this article) is the use of a wide range of space perspectives in research，No more emphasis on a single nation or civilization，Instead of passing through immigration、Conquest、The nation caused by trade、Product、Thought cross -regional interaction。Just as the founder of global history, William H. McNiel believes，"We are talking about world history，Emphasize the movement of cross -era and spatial space、Interaction and Transformation "。World History Association，referred to as WHA) Former Chairman Alfred J. Andre also thinks，"World historians pay attention to a wide range of historical 'connection and interaction'; world history 'not' national history or regional history，In short，World History is studying cross -country、Cross -region、History of cross -cultural border "。

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1963，William H. Mcnier published "The Rise of the West"，The historic community generally regards it as a sign of the birth of global history。The 1970s，World History as one of the core courses of general education，Starting to appear in the United States 2 -year and 4 -year system，to replace or supplement the "History of Western Civilization" or "Regional Research" course that has been prevailing for decades。For example，1974，Five teachers from the University of California San Diego form a two -semester "World History Introduction" teaching team。Since the 1980s，More and more American middle schools offer world history courses。This prompted public universities and community universities to open world history，Cultivation of World History Teachers in Middle School。To promote the world history teaching of universities and middle schools，1982，The American "World History bet365 Play online games Society" is established。The articles of association of the Society stipulate，In the executive committee composed of 9 people，At least 2 people are middle school historic educators，The purpose is to "university professor、Teachers of college and community university、Middle School teacher、Graduate、Independent scholars gather together，Formed a society that pays more attention to academic and occupations "。In the mid -1980s，Following Philip D. Cotin after recruiting a graduate student in the world history at Wisconsin University，Jerry H. Benteli and others successively recruited graduate students in the history of the world at the University of Hawaii。

1987，The California Education Commission calls on junior high school and high school to learn 3 years of world history。This helps activate the world history curriculum reform of several other states。1992-1994，With the funding of the US federal government，A large number of teachers and citizen organizations participated in the formulation of national standards for the United States World History in Grade 1 to 12，It has an important impact on the teaching of world history in several states。1994，"World Online" (H -Worm), funded by Michigan State University，Promoting humanities、Art、Communication between social science professionals。1994，George Mason University Founded History and New Media Center，"Digital media and technology that presented and present history、Academic Academic Discipline、Promoting historical education and understanding "，The center also provides a lot of original historical materials about world history。

　　"World History" as a teaching course

Global History as a course for university and middle school teaching，It is an important prerequisite for its long -term development。Since the 21st century，The rapid development of global history courses in American middle schools is mainly manifested as the following aspects。

First，2001，With the funding Bet365 lotto review of the National Humanities Fund in the United States，A group of teachers founded the "World History for US ALL" at the University of California，is junior high school、High school provides world historical teaching demonstration courses。Later，The project has evolved into the National School History Teaching Center of the University of California Los Angeles。

2，2002，The American "University Commission" introduces the "AP World History" course and exams into high school。In order to obtain the qualifications for the exemption of world history courses in the university stage，The number of high school students who take the exam increases sharply。The first test in 2002，Candidates are 20995。until 2015，Candidates are 265308 people，Growing about 12 times。During the same period, the number of candidates for preparatory candidates in European history and American history，Only increased by 55.7%and 106.2%, respectively。

third，2003，free and open electronic version of "World History Connect" online。Based on the University of Illinoi，Edited by Hawaii Pacific University，The target is "Middle school teachers and university teachers who connect long -term separation，Effective teaching methods to introduce world history "，Provide readers with "the latest information about world history research and controversy"。2012-2013，World Historian scholars and teachers initiated the establishment of the "World History League"。

fourth，The world -wide history textbooks of global vision are constantly emerging。Some traditional world history textbooks have continued to increase non -Western history，Global History Textbooks of Global Vision are popular，Ru Rui H. "New Global History" edited by Benteli、Robert Tiger's "The Blood of the World", etc.。The common point of these global vision of world history textbooks is to break through the "three -point method" of Western traditional historical staging (ancient (ancient、Middle Ages、Modern)Bet365 app download ，Organize chapters of major themes of cross -regional and cultural boundaries around world history。

　"World History" as a research field

1990，"World History Magazine" Pioneer，Provides an important platform for world history research。Although there are many global historical research theories，But the magazine's creation is one of the signs of the formation of a professional research field in the global history。2006，The first published "Global History Magazine" at the School of Economics and Political Science, London。They jointly provide a platform for the publication of global history research。2007，"New Global Research" creation。2008，"Global History and World History Network" was founded in Dresden, Germany，It aims to promote the connection between scholars。Global History pays special attention to interaction between different groups in human history，So a large -scale population migration、Cross -cultural trade、Species spread、Ideological and Cultural Exchange、Diseases of the disease、Environmental changes, etc.。Since the 21st century，Global History Research Theory is constantly emerging，Really show that it has formed a research field，It is manifested as the following aspect。

First，Research on the History of World Immigration and History of Cross -cultural Trade has achieved outstanding results。Two representative works of the history of immigration from global vision，One is Delke Hudel's "Interactive Culture -The Second Emperor of the World"，The other is Patrick Manning's "Immigration in World History"。The former migrates with population、Commercial Trade、Cultural exchange is standard，Divides the large -scale population migration and cultural exchanges in human history into 5 stages; the latter emphasizes that immigrants in world history are one of the motivation for social changes。

Two representative works of cross -cultural trade research，One is the "Origin of Globalization: The Origin of World Trade bet365 Play online games and Global Economy (1500-1800)" by Pim De Zwart and Jane Louetteng von Zandeng (1500-1800)，It mainly discusses economic globalization and its impact on global economic development，Answer how global interaction forms a global economy and causes changes in its various components。The other is "Trade: Trade: Trade: Dawn of Manila Sailing and Global Economy"。It believes that the Manila sailing boat not only makes the major continents on the earth uninterrupted，and make the Atlantic、Indian Ocean、An uninterrupted connection has been established in the Pacific Ocean，so as to shape the modern world。

2，Global historians have written and published two large global historical encyclopedia。The first part is the "Berke County World History Encyclopedia" edited by William H. McNel (the first edition of 2005，2010 second edition)。He said in the foreword，"World History focuses on the interaction relationship between nations and communities in various times in human history。This book is not describing the history of this country or that community，Instead of exploring the history of women and men in the entire world，History shared by all humans，Because they are all humans "。Although McNiel divides world history as foraging、Three stages of agriculture and modernity，But the book is based on 34 topics、538 entries are arranged in the order of the first letter。The other is the "World History Encyclopedia" edited by Alfred J. Andre (2011)。Andre said in the foreword，"World historian pays attention to a large -scale historical 'connection and interaction'; the simple superposition of world history‘ not ’national history or regional history，In short，World history is to study cross -country、Cross -region、History of cross -cultural border "。This book divides world history into 9 times，"Population and Environment、Social and Culture、Immigration and Travel、Political and National Governance、Economic and Trade、War and diplomacy、Thought and religion、Science and Technology "8 major theme organization content。

Bet365 app download third，Merry E. Wesner-Hanks Published "Cambridge World History" (2015) published (2015)。Since Lord Akton's planning and writing "Cambridge Modern History"，Cambridge University Press has always targeted the publishing "The largest and most comprehensive historical work in the world in English"。Wesner-Hanks claims to be his "Cambridge World History" "both follow and break through the example of the predecessors"，But the book divides world history into 7 times，Underly 200 papers to outline the major theme in world history，This means "'Cambridge World History' is both comprehensive，Contains all major historical problems，but not the best "。Publishing of Cambridge World History，is one of the signs of global history entering the list of mainstream western history。

fourth，"Marine History" research under the influence of global vision。For example，Since the 1980s，The emerging "Atlantic History" gradually replaces the traditional colonialist history or the history of imperialism，Place the Atlantic on the global background，Not only studying cross -Atlantic exchanges，Pay attention to the interaction between the Atlantic Ocean and the rest of the world。

Fifth，Global Impact of Global History。Since 1990，Except Western language，Scholars in non -Western countries use their own languages ​​(such as Russian、Polish、Arabic、Turkish language、Kazakhn、India、Indonesia、Thai、Vietnamese、Chinese, Japanese, etc.) Written macro -world history works。

After decades of hard work by scholars，Global history teaching and research have made remarkable achievements。but，The development of global history also faces several challenges。First，How to break the "Western Center theory"。Western scholars add non -Western content and length to the textbook or research theory，It is just the first step in breaking the "Western Central State theory"，Non -Western scholars should thoroughly remove it through solid research。bet365 Play online games 2，How to reconcile the contradiction between "horizontal interaction" and "vertical in -depth"。​​Global History emphasizes horizontal cross -cultural、Cross -region、Interaction of cross -ethnic countries，enriched our understanding of world history，but also ignored the specific area、The history of the country。third，As some scholars point out，Global history needs to strengthen "comprehensive research based on original historical materials and even archive materials，in accurate、During the high -quality narrative process，Carefully find the relationship between each part "。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of History of the Capital Normal University)