The Ming Dynasty Financial History Research Industry has gone through a century of journey，But until the last one or two decades，Only the prosperous situation of the prosperous prosperity。Of course，No scholars have worked hard in this garden.，A number of high -level research results have also appeared one after another。For example，As early as the 1930s and 1940s，Surrounded by Tian Fu、Grain long、One whip method and other problems，Chinese scholar Liang Fangzhong and Japanese scholar Kiyomizuki have published a group of milestone foundations。Chinese Chinese scholar Huang Renyu published in 1974 "The Finance and Taxation of China in the Ming Dynasty"，So far, it is still the only monograph on the overall inspection of the Ming Dynasty finance beyond the history of the Tong history。Japanese scholar Iwai Maoshu, a series of papers published around the military and finance in the 1990s，Put forward a lot of inspirational views。Despite this，Sybility with capitalist、Land System、Equipment system and other issues compared to，The research history of fiscal history of the Ming Dynasty is still in a relatively weak position，presents ups and downs、Times of intermittent development。Since the 21st century，This situation has been largely changed，It can even be said that a small -scale research boom has appeared。

　　Bet365 app download

Finance is a big problem that affects the entire society，Research History of Finance is an important perspective of observing social changes。Huang Renyu revealed in front of his works，The fiscal system created by Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang as "Hongwu Treasury"。He thinks，This system has convergence，Turn its operating ability to the minimum，A big step backward than the previous methods such as the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty。He also asserted，"Hongwu Treasury" and "Third Empire" (that is, the Ming and Qing Dynasties) are always，After hundreds of years without substantial changes。Huang's book was translated into Chinese publishing in 2001，Cause a greater response，Afforders and critics are both，But it undoubtedly promoted the attention and thinking about related issues。Some scholars conduct a systematic theoretical summary on the basis of empirical research，Put forward a lot of inspirational new views。

The most striking in theoretical construction，Dangda's series of research results。She uses silver monetization as the starting point，The system explores the transformation of Chinese countries and bet365 best casino games society in the Ming Dynasty、The interaction between China and the world during the beginning of globalization，I believe that the conversion of the financial system based on currency tax on the basis of the currency economy appeared in the late Ming Dynasty，The essence is the transformation of China from ancient times to the country's taxation to modern taxes，This is undoubtedly a change in the history history of ancient China and even the epoch -making of Chinese history。She also cooperates with math scholars，The vast data in "Wanli Accounting Records" is organized and statistics，Intuitive showing the total amount of late finance、Structure and Monetization Excisites，Provides a quantitative basis for its theoretical construction。

Liu Zhiwei has long been committed to the research of the social and economic history of Ming and Qing Dynasties for a long time，Discussion on the duty system。In the papers and speeches published in recent years，He emphasized that China's economy in the dynasty period belongs to the "Gongfu Economy" or "Food Economy"，It is composed of two aspects: "Fuji into the tribute" and "Qi Qianyou"。He transformed the Ming Dynasty's service system as from "Na Grain Dangfu" to "Wanna Money Grain"，The development of a whip method represents a new system、New Country、New Society、The transformation process formed by the new economic system。He also associates this transformation with silver，It is pointed out that similar changes have appeared before the Ming Dynasty，But the nature of the assignment has not changed fundamentally，The large amount of silver and the wide use of silver are the key factor in the Ming Dynasty's vibration change to become an irreversible process。

Zhao Yifeng has been committed to the theoretical construction of the "Ming and Qing Emperor's Rural Society" in recent years，Fiscal issues are one of the important aspects。In related papers，He briefly outlines the transformation process from the Ming Dynasty from physical finances to currency finance，It is believed that under the physical financial system，Collection is consistent with time and space，and the high separation of the currency fiscal revenue and expenditure process，Specialized natural balanced natural balance allows people to be balancing for people who need to be precisely planned by a unified fiscal management center。Currency finance has accelerated the speed of financial operation，prompting the government to do more in accordance with the laws of economic laws，At the same time, it also highlights the contradiction between the autocratic imperial power and the entire society，and the military system of soldiers and peasants became fiscal difficulties Bet365 lotto review after the mercenary system。

Liu Guangli is in his English book "1000-1500 Chinese Market Economy" and a series of Chinese and English papers，Putting the fiscal model of the early Ming Dynasty in the long -term change process since the Song Dynasty。He positioned the Song Dynasty as "market economy country"，Think from the Song Dynasty to the early Ming Dynasty，China's economy has experienced a transformation from a market economy system to a unified economic system，until the 16th century，The dynamic market economy only reproduces the signs。Like other scholars，He also believes that a whip method is a revolution in the financial system of Hongwu's real objects，But his evaluation of the significance of this revolution is much lower than other scholars，It is just that it is just returning to the rails of economic marketization and financial monetization since the transformation of the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty in the 8th century。

　Refined research

Research on the history of fiscal history in the Ming Dynasty is considerable except for macro theory construction，There are also obvious progress on many specific issues，Among them, there is no shortage of information、Discuss finely heavy results，and most of them are from the hands of young scholars，Reflecting the vitality and potential of the research history of the Ming Dynasty。In view of the large number of related results，Here I only introduce some special works。

First of all, it is worthy of the inspection of the silver treasury of the Ming Dynasty。Household Department Tai Warehouse、Taizhou Temple Changyingku、The Ministry of Industry Changying Library and the internal transportation library are the main storage institutions of the Ming Dynasty financial silver，In -depth inspection of these institutions，It helps to understand the real situation of the Ming Dynasty fiscal monetization and the scale of silver income and expenditure。Su Xinhong's "Research on the Evolution of the Talents and the Ming Dynasty's Financial System"、Liu Liping "From Ma Zheng to Finance: The Fiscal Function and Impact of Taishi Temple in the middle and late Ming Dynasty"、Li Yuan's "Research on the Change of the Inner Treasury and Fiscal System of the Ming Dynasty"，For the Taichi warehouse、The management system of Changyingku and the inner library is systematically sorted out，and make a more reasonable estimate of its silver income and expenditure，Not only deepen the understanding of the financial scale of the Ming Dynasty，It also provides a data basis for further thinking about the characteristics and changes of the Ming Dynasty's fiscal system。

The changes in the fiscal system of the Ming Dynasty and the widespread use of silver are inseparable。About Silver Questions，Bet365 lotto review Except for the series of achievements in the previous unveiled Wanming，In recent years, other scholars have discussed from different angles。Huang Aming in the book "Research on the Research on the Whitening of Monetary White Silver and National Systems"，Discussion on the transformation of currency whiteization and taxation system，While affirming its positive significance，It also revealed the negative effect of taxation and silver。Qiu Yongzhi in the "Silver Times" landing: In the Book of the Book of the Ming Dynasty Currency Capital and Silver Money "，It also sorted out the reform of the fiscal system and its silvernessization process，It is believed that the reform of the silver of the fiscal field is earlier than the silver alternative in the private market，and the re -establishment of the benchmark value status of silver and the expansion of silver circulation in the private market。

Most of the silver income of the Ming Dynasty is used for military expenses，and mainly flow to various military towns in the north。Lai Jiancheng "Border Town Food and Restaurant: Border defense funds and national fiscal crisis in the middle and late Ming Dynasty，1531—1602，Based on "Wanli Accounting Records" and other four data，The fiscal changes in the northern border town between 1531 and 1602 were evaluated，demonstrated the drastic increase in border defense funds in the middle and late Ming Dynasty that caused the state's finances to be stretched，An important reason for the demise of the Ming Dynasty。Wang Zunwang's "The Nine -Border Military Ware Examination theory of the Ming Dynasty" widely collected related data that scattered all kinds of classics and made more detailed research，helps to grasp the nine -side army more objectively、Horse、The trend of changes in the annual banks of the Beijing Games。Lin Meiling's "Research on the Lall in the Late Ming and Liao" sorted out the number of additions in various additions，It is estimated that Liaoning Jiapai will account for 28%of the original fiscal revenue of late Ming，If you add 饷 and practice，will account for more than half of the original fiscal revenue。

Local financial issues have also attracted much attention in recent years。Ding Liang's "Research on the Change of the Treasury Structure of Zhejiang Zhi Zhezhi in the Ming Dynasty" is centered on the responsibility of the service and its attachment to the fiscal responsibility，Fu、Supply material、The structure of local funds and their changes have been meticulously inspected。The change of Hu Kecheng's "The Management System for the Management of the Fang Fu Governance and the Jiangnan Caifu in the Ming Dynasty" is based on national fiscal management，The basic situation of Jiangnan Fu Fu in different Bet365 app download periods of the Ming Dynasty and the government's response measures are systematically sorted out。Hou Guanxiang's "The Tax Research on the Suzhou Prefecture of the Ming Dynasty" inspected the tax collection and discount process of Suzhou Prefecture in stages，Quantitative analysis of the taxation structure of Suzhou Prefecture during the Wanli period。Cheng Liying's "Research on the Financial Research of the Beizhi of the Ming Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty -Centers for the Wanli period" sorted out the revenue and expenditure status of Beizhi Lishi fiscal and non -positive finances during the Wanli period。

　　Differential perspective

In academic research，Different perspectives and opinions are a normal phenomenon。It can even be said，Diversity and collision of perspective and perspective is one of the manifestations of academic vitality。In recent years, with the unprecedented activity of the research history of the Ming Dynasty，The understanding of many issues is deepened and improved，At the same time, there are more and more cognitive differences。Relevant scholars should face up to this difference，Actively carry out exchanges and contention。This，Help more accurately clarify the meaning of their respective views，Further push research to in -depth。

The transformation from physical finance to currency finance occurred in the Ming Dynasty，This is the fact that scholars generally recognize。But the degree and meaning of this change，The knowledge of scholars is very different。As mentioned earlier，Huang Renyu believes that the "Hongwu finance" formed in the early Ming Dynasty was both backward and rigid，Live for hundreds of years without substantial changes。Liu Guangli basically followed the evaluation of Huang's financial system in the early Ming Dynasty，But the evaluation of the transformation in the late Ming Dynasty is more active than Huang's，However, I still think that it has not yet returned to the level of the Song Dynasty。Wanming regards the transformation of the Ming Dynasty's fiscal system as the epoch -making change in the past two thousand years in Chinese history，and propose a major judgment of the transformation of modern taxes in the late Ming Dynasty。Researcher Chen Feng in the history of the Qing Dynasty, Chen Feng, regarded the "stalls into the ground" during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty as the end of the change of the system of traditional society，It is believed that the modern fiscal system did not really start or establish it in the early Qing Dynasty。Ni Yuping also holds similar insights，Think of the Qing Dynasty Xianfeng、During Tongzhi years，China has experienced a huge change from national finance to fiscal countries。but，How to locate the meaning bet365 Play online games of the formation of currency finance in the Ming Dynasty，It is also necessary to grasp and analyze the long -term perspective of the financial change in the entire emperor's period.。

For the main motivation for promoting financial whitening，The opinions of the scholars are also quite different。Wan Ming emphasized，Silver monetization is the result of the germination of the market economy，Then gradually penetrate into the state finance。Liu Zhiwei thinks，The demand for silver currency is largely caused by tax currency，And this tax -to -monetization driving force comes from the needs of the government's fiscal system。Although the two views are very different，But the reform of the fiscal system of the Ming Dynasty is regarded as the gradual process of promoting the internal factor。Liu Guangli called this kind of interpretation as "system evolution endogenous theory"，I believe that this idea cannot explain why a whip method is to Longqing、The Wanli period began to be generally implemented。He advocates "exogenous theory"，Emphasizing the war of resistance to Jiajing is the key promotion force for the rapid realization of reform。Ding Liang's research on Zhejiang and Nanzhili Local Finance，From the perspective of empirical perspective, it supports Liu Guang's view。Hu Tieqiu proposes a more specific reason，The start of the monetization of large -scale disputes in the Ming Dynasty began in Xuande for four years，Its motivation comes from the demand for interests for the purpose of increasing the puppets。The change of financial system in the Ming Dynasty is a long and complex process，It must be affected by multiple factors，The degree and mechanism of the role of various factors，It also needs comprehensive consideration and judgment。

What exactly did the change of the fiscal system in the Ming Dynasty，Scholars are also benevolent。For example，Mi Ming and Liu Zhiwei both think，Expand with a whip method reform，The form of society and state in the Ming Dynasty has obvious transformation，But there are differences in the understanding of the transformation trend。Wan Ming emphasized that silver monetization means that the state monopoly monetary rights are lost，As a result, the weakening of national power and this vital weakening social out of control; while Liu Zhiwei believes that under a whip method，The relationship between the official and the people has changed，A new mechanism for the centralized bureaucratic political enhancement formed by the central government。

The fiscal system is closely related to the burden of the people。Current，Most scholars actively evaluate the reform of the service system and the transformation of the fiscal system，Think of the Logo Law、The successive Bet365 lotto review implementation of a whip method has reduced the burden of the people to a certain extent。but，Some scholars also give a very negative evaluation。such as，Hu Tieqiu thinks，Various socio -economic reforms in the Ming Dynasty are basically around "increasing finance"，Not only does it not alleviate the state's fiscal dilemma，Instead, the burden of the people。The operation of the fiscal system is affected by various factors，At different times、Different regions，For different strata、The influence of different occupations must be quite different，Need to carry out more fine stages、Regional and special research。

Limited to space，Overview above hangs a leak，It is inevitable。For example, Lin Feng surrounds the Ming Dynasty business tax、Shen Bin surrounds the Ming Dynasty fiscal book，have published a series of papers，It's just to form a monograph publishing。But through this rough outline，It can be seen that the prosperous situation of the research history of the Ming Dynasty in recent years。This boom is in the ascendant，I believe there will be new discussions that will appear。

(This article is the "Ming Dynasty Price Research and Database Construction" (17zda192) phased achievement)

(The author is a researcher at Beijing Academy of Administration、Director of the Editorial Department of the School Journal、Editor -in -chief of "New Vision")