Chinese archeology has gone through a hundred years of journey，The vertical development of this journey compares the vertical development with the development of the international archeological community，You can find many phenomena worth thinking about。Although new materials are constantly emerging now、Active thoughts、Science and Technology archeological development，But the diaphragm and differences inside the archaeological discipline are deepening。We try to achieve the goal of historical reconstruction through the discipline.。In this context，The author believes that it should be established to integrate history、Archeology of different orientations of technology and humanities。

　　Bet365 app download

Western archeology entered China in the early 20th century，But the birth of this discipline is based on the basis of European antiques and geology in the 17th to 19th centuries。Archeology of countries around the world is generally accompanied by the early European scholars' adventure and output out。Although there is something in the world of archeological research，But the process of being adopted by archeology in different countries，Development that will be affected by the social background and academic traditions of the country and causes differences。For example，The introduction of Chinese archeology is promoted by the "Ancient History" movement，Especially the success of the excavation of Yin Ruins，Established the academic positioning of this discipline "Certificate of Economics and Replenishment"。

In the first half of the 20th century，my country's archeology is basically in the material accumulation stage。1959，The academic community has begun to organize archeological discoveries in the ten years since the founding of New China，​​Only "archeological culture" began to build the time and space framework of prehistoric culture with "archeological culture"。The "Zeng Culture Type" proposed by Mr. Su Bingqi can also be regarded as a copy of the Band Archaeological Stadium。Although my country's archeology takes the history of reconstruction of the country，But due to lack of empirical exploration，Archaeological culture research operated by types provides a history of development of material culture，The history of development of the population and society。

Since the 1980s，With the frequent Chinese and foreign academic exchanges，Archeology has appeared in the second wave of western studies。Facing the new theory of foreign abroad、New methods and new technologies，Archaeologists feel very fresh。Archaeological practice has also begun bet365 live casino games to surpass type learning、Description of site relics and age learning，Try to explore human relations、Settlement Form，and social complexity problems。but，There are obvious imbalance in the reference of theory and methods。Technical methods are widely adopted by the Chinese archeological community because of their practical characteristics，The theory involves personal opinions、Positions and preferences，Controversy and differences often more。Due to the insight provided by technology testing, it is far better than the relatively vague explanation of the type of science，Make my country's scientific and technological archeology develop rapidly，The trend of archeology over the field is large。Each research institute and universities have established laboratories，Whether it is a professional team、Fund input or publishing results have increased significantly。But，Field archeology and technology archeological backgrounds and angles of thinking about the angle of thinking are different，Make field archeology and technology archeology in the embarrassing state for a long time。This has caused academic attacks in different fields to become communication in various small circles，It is difficult to communicate with each other，Not to mention the interdisciplinary cross -completion of the task of completing historical reconstruction。

Current，The alienation of field archeology and technology archeology is increasingly intensified。On the one hand，The professional training of some universities has begun to separate field archeology and technology archeology。Science and Technology archeological preferences enrolled students from science origin，And some scholars do not ask them to take up the basic courses in archeology and history when they train students。On the other hand，The results of the archeology of science and technology are faster，And it is easy to publish in the publication，Make some scholars "superiority"。They often feel that the role of field work is to provide materials for scientific and technological analysis，Data to speak with data，Loenage to simplify complex human behavior and historical processes into statistical tables or one -on -one causality。This kind of scholars have a scientific "superiority"，It is believed that the complexity and uncertainty of the archeological issues are "liberal arts thinking"，I don’t realize that the cultural and historical phenomenon is extremely complicated，Not mechanical relationships like physical chemistry。

Technical testing was originally a method for archaeological services，But the value of pure scientificism is obtained to make the facade of science and technology get bigger and bigger，The historical building behind it, the more thin and humble。Current，In some major projects of natural science funds bet365 Play online games involved in the strategic topics of archeology in my country，Technology experts have become the protagonist。This is reminiscent of the warning of some scholars，That is，Archeology has the danger of returning to simply collecting antiquities，Although the scientific and technological analysis is collected, another type of antiques。and，"Wallet" of archeology is not "bottomless hole"，Luxury on the one hand will inevitably lead to scarcity in other aspects。

Field archeology has not completely jumped out of the type of type and stratigraphy，The bench of the technology and archeology has not been hot yet，The goal of the reconstruction of national history is still far away，Some scholars in China have begun to adopt the concept of "post -process archeology" that are advanced in my country.，Relativeism and humanistic value of archeological interpretation。In the upsurge of establishing archeology with Chinese characteristics，The concept of archeology after the process has great attraction。Because，This type of school considers archaeological research that is considered empirical is not enough to rebuild the past，It is impossible for the human past to have a single and objective view，There are different views and truths from different positions。So，Archeology returns to "Historical Special Theory"，While emphasizing the uniqueness of the development of Chinese civilization，strive to establish other special archeology with international paradigms and terms。This development trend confirms the observation of Bruce Trig in the book "History of Archaeological Thought"，That is, archeology from all over the world has always been affected by society、Economic and Politics Impact，and will change with the changes in social conditions。

　　Miscellaneous and integrated

Changes in the International Archaeological Paradm，After experiencing a continuous optimized directional progressive process，If the process archeology makes up for the defects of cultural history and archeology,。Similarly，Post -process archeology emphasizes human thought and energy，Make up for the process of archeology only regarding culture as the shortcomings of adaptive means。Now，They are generally regarded as complementary rather than opposing paradigms，represented by the upgrade version of the cognition -process archeology。

，Archeology In the process of western learning east，Various theoretical methods are isolated、Introduction to China in a messy and selective manner，and experienced the localization transformation。and，Introduction time of various theoretical methods，Great lag behind the original paradigm epidemic，Make the old and old methods mixed，Old and advanced coexistence。This deepen the gap between various archeological research theoretical methods，Makes each other unable to fit。

Bet365 app download As a geologist, Antosheng just introduced field surveys to China，No contribution in research methods。Li Ji started with bronze and pottery earlier，Based on form，Create its own type classification system。This system aims to establish a method of arrangement of an utensil，Convenient communication between scholars，It did not use it to establish a development sequence of school or culture。Su Bingqi draws on the type of Swedish scholar Montelis，Arrange and describe the utensils，Constructing the sequence of the age。His cultural district type type is completely based on the pottery combination。

"Archaeological Culture" concept is the core concept of cultural history and archeology，It is much later to introduce in China than type。and，Definition of Chinese scholars for archeological culture and Tharter "always repeatedly renamed some types -pottery、Tool、Decoration、Funeral customs、Housing style "definitions have a certain degree of access，The cultural space -time framework it built is not as detailed as the inlaid model of Thailde。The interpretation of cultural and historical archeology mainly relies on communication theory，Tracing the origin of culture and the crowd、Communication and development。until today，The main paradigm of my country's archeology is still based on Su Bingqi's archeological culture area type。

The 1980s，Process Archaeological Paradigm begins to affect China。Various scientific and technological methods come here，but the dominant cultural, historical archaeological paradigm does not change due to the situation。This caused technical means with practical value to be adopted，The theory of problem -oriented -oriented theory is excluded，Make scientific and technological archeology and traditional paradigms without casting。Two scholars who study different materials have no common discourse and complementary goals，The results can only be reflected in the form of independent chapters or forms。

On the other hand, the European and American circles，It reflects that the theoretical methods are inseparable，Technology methods are used to test the theory of economic and social evolution。For example，In the late 1940s, American archaeologists Robert Bredwood opened a precedent for multi -disciplinary cross -study research in the new moon，It is to test the "Oasis theory" of Tchart on the origin of agricultural origin。Environmental archeology Last proof，The origin of the agriculture near the east is not stimulated by the drought in the late ice。

We should realize，Even if the technology test obtains more data，No matter how many results are refreshing，If it helps to solve the problem of cultural changes，So these data and results are still snow mudh claws hanging from history。Science and technology archeology is a means to rebuild the past，Is the allies of field archeology，But bet365 best casino games it is not enough to constitute a field of independent exploration。Leaving the goal of historical reconstruction，So it will turn into an air tower。No matter how rich the accumulated data，They are still like pottery，Is a bunch of fragmented evidence。

　　Target and path

If Chinese archeology really achieves the goal of reconstruction of national history，First of all, you need to update the paradigm，Provides problem orientation for disciplines for the formation of technological methods to enter archeology。The historical reconstruction of archeology is essentially different from the history of literature，The materiality of its research materials determines the help that must rely on natural sciences，to refine the unpretentious stealth information。and，By archeology and history，More good at exploring the environment、Shengye、Technology、Long -term development of population and social complexity。For science and technology archaeological workers，You should be familiar with and master the new paradigm and new theory of contemporary archeology，Efforts to provide key information for solving various archeological problems。So，Field Archeology and Technology Archeology should be a systematic engineering for collaborative cooperation，Guide to discover with common issues、Collect sample、Select the analysis method，Then check the assumptions，Construct the theoretical model and conclude。

Archeology is not the kind of political history and chronicle of historical documents，but humans adapt to the environment、Reform environment，Organize yourself，The overall history of the development of the country and civilized society from the original tour group。After entering the historical period，Archeology can still provide the environment that it is not available、Population、Economy、Background information in trade and ethnic groups。In terms of studying human past，Archeology is part of history。and，This discipline is the only source of information with 99%of human history。Due to the object of archeological research, it is mainly material culture，So its analysis method is more like natural science，Evidence is needed，Do experiment，Proposal，Use more materials to test the assumptions，Then build a pattern to conclude。But，This conclusion review or historical reconstruction must be described in the language of the humanistic discipline，to reproduce the behavior of the ancients、Thought and emotion。

When scientific and technological means are increasingly penetrated into all areas of archeology，We must simultaneously enhance the problem of theoretical guidance，This problem consciousness is equally important for archaeologists and scientific and technological experts。As far as the current situation of archeology in my country，Urgent needs bet365 Play online games to be consistent in the problem consciousness。For example，Environmental archeology、Analysis of archeology and isotope analysis of animal and plant archeology was originally an operation path under the guidance of cultural ecology theory，Used to explore the changes in the pre -historical relationships。So，my country's field archaeological workers should pay attention to functional analysis of material culture，Specifies the classification of utensils to explore the problems of productivity and production relationships。Archaeological interpretation can no longer be on the origin and spread，Internal motivation to attach importance to cultural changes。Archaeological relics as products of human culture，In the original living social system、Technology、Religious、Political or social organizations play a role。Explore the social value used by different cultural relics，is the first step for archeological transparency。

Let the static material legacy survive，Should put them in the living organic system to think and analyze，Understand the interaction and influence between them。This is the systematic thinking of process archeology，Make material culture in the environment、Technology、Economy、Society、In different subsystems such as trade and faith, observe their dynamic effects。These subsystems are independent and affect each other，Maintain the operation of the entire cultural system。The change of a subsystem may affect the change of the entire system，For example, environment、improvement of technology and crop yield，can all affect the growth of settlement and population，This leads to the accumulation of remaining products，The process of concentration of wealth and the complexity of society。On this basis，Archeology observe the changes in cultural functions and systems from the time of time，can distinguish the motivation that affects cultural changes，Therefore, a more credible explanation of social development。

Cultural History and Archeology should continue to improve and give play to their types of types and stratigraphy，Provide more detailed and precise time and space framework for the function and process analysis of social culture，To observe social evolution。Science and Technology archeology is the helping assistant of the process archeology，Can adapt to the environment、Technology、Economy、Trade and population changes provide key information for historical reconstruction。Cosmic view of ancient society、Religious、Ideology is the most difficult exploration field，After the rigorous inquiry of archeology in this area, the rigorous inquiry of archeology also needs to be based on a solid ethnic history、History、Art History、Based on the research of national history bet365 best casino games and analogy。Through such a paradigm update and the cross of the discipline，Archeology can rebuild a technology economy、The overall history of social structure and ideology。

Under the circumstance that the current archaeological discipline is becoming more and more specialized，Whether there are scholars with different specialized directions or basic training for college graduate students，We must pay attention to communication between disciplines，Avoid painting land for prison。Scholars from the background of science need to be more familiar with the basic knowledge of field archeology and the theory of social sciences，Field workers also need to learn more about the basic principles and effects of various technological means，Classic of familiar with cultural anthropology and history。Such discipline training，can archeology、The knowledge of natural science and humanities is integrated，Really achieve multi -disciplinary cross。The goal of this discipline cross is to form the same research "overall"，Experts from various disciplines are familiar with each other and use each other's subject advantages，and get used to long -term cooperation。This direction is consistent with the international discipline development trend，It can better be competent for the difficult task of rebuilding the history of Chinese archeology.。

(Author Unit: Department of Cultural Relics and Museum of Fudan University)