Chinese bet365 horse racing odds has gone through a century of history，Compare the vertical development of this process horizontally with the development of the international archaeological community，Many phenomena worth pondering can be found。Although new materials are constantly emerging、Active thoughts in academia、Technological bet365 horse racing odds is booming，However, the estrangements and differences within the archaeological discipline are deepening。The goal of historical reconstruction that we try to achieve through interdisciplinarity still seems out of reach。In this context，The author believes that there should be a system that can integrate history、Archaeology with different orientations of science and technology and humanities。

　　bet365 horse racing odds and Problems

Western bet365 horse racing odds entered China in the early 20th century，But the birth of this discipline is based on European antiquities and geology from the 17th to 19th centuries。Archaeology from various countries around the world is generally exported with the exploration of early European scholars。Although archaeological research around the world has similarities，But the process by which bet365 horse racing odds is adopted in different countries，The development will be divergent due to the influence of the country’s social background and academic tradition。For example，The introduction of Chinese bet365 horse racing odds was promoted by the "Ancient History" movement，Especially the success of the Yin Ruins excavation，Established the academic positioning of this discipline as “Confirming Classics and Complementing History”。

The first half of the 20th century，Chinese bet365 horse racing odds is basically in the stage of material accumulation。1959，Academic circles began to sort out the archaeological discoveries in the ten years since the founding of New China，Only began to use "archaeological culture" to construct the time and space framework of prehistoric culture。The "regional cultural type" proposed by Mr. Su Bingqi can also be regarded as a replica of Childe's archaeological paradigm。Although bet365 horse racing odds in our country takes the reconstruction of national history as its own responsibility，But due to the lack of positivist exploration，Archaeological cultural research using typology provides a history of the development of material culture，Rather than the development history of people and society。

Since the 1980s，With the frequent academic exchanges between China and foreign countries，The second wave of Western learning spreading eastward appears in bet365 horse racing odds。Facing a variety of new theories abroad、New methods and new technologies，Archaeologists feel very fresh。Archaeological practice also begins to transcend typology、Description and chronology of site relics，Try to explore the relationship between man and land、Settlement form，As well as social complexity and other issues。But，There is an obvious imbalance in the reference to theories and methods。Technical methods were quickly adopted by the Chinese archaeological community because of their practical characteristics，And theory involves personal opinions、Position and preference，There are often more disputes and disagreements。Because technology testing provides far greater insights than the relatively vague explanations of the typology，The rapid development of scientific and technological bet365 horse racing odds in our country，The limelight is likely to overshadow field bet365 horse racing odds。Research institutes and universities have established laboratories one after another，Whether it is a professional team、Both financial investment and published results have increased significantly。However，Field archaeologists and scientific and technological archaeologists have different training backgrounds and different perspectives on issues，Making field bet365 horse racing odds and scientific and technological bet365 horse racing odds in an embarrassing state of two skins for a long time。This has caused academic specialization in different fields to become exchanges in various small circles，Difficulty communicating with each other，Not to mention the intersection of disciplines to jointly complete the task of historical reconstruction。

Currently，There is an increasing trend of alienation between field bet365 horse racing odds and technological bet365 horse racing odds。On the one hand，The professional training of some universities has begun to separate field bet365 horse racing odds and scientific and technological bet365 horse racing odds。The science and technology bet365 horse racing odds major prefers to recruit students with science backgrounds，Some scholars do not require them to take up basic courses in bet365 horse racing odds and history when training students。On the other hand，Technological bet365 horse racing odds produces results faster，And it is easy to publish in foreign journals，Gives some scholars a "sense of superiority"。They often feel that the role of field work is to provide materials for scientific and technological analysis，Prefer to let data speak，Tend to reduce complex human behavior and historical processes into statistical tables or one-to-one cause-and-effect relationships。Such scholars have a scientific "sense of superiority"，Considers that exploring the complexity and uncertainty of archaeological issues is “liberal arts thinking”，Not realizing that cultural and historical phenomena are extremely complex，It is definitely not a mechanical relationship like physical chemistry。

Technical testing is originally a method that serves archaeology，But the value orientation of pure scientism makes the facade of science and technology bigger and bigger，The historical buildings behind them become increasingly thin and crude。Currently，In some major Natural Science Foundation projects involving strategic archaeological topics in my country，Technology experts have become the protagonist。This is reminiscent of the warnings of some scholars，That is, if there is no anthropological reference and awareness of historical issues，Archaeology is in danger of returning to simply collecting antiquities，Although the technological analysis collected another type of antiquities。And，The “wallet” of bet365 horse racing odds is not a “bottomless pit”，Luxury in one aspect will inevitably lead to deprivation in other aspects。

Field bet365 horse racing odds has not yet completely broken out of the confines of typology and stratigraphy，The scientific and technological bet365 horse racing odds bench is not yet hot，The goal of reconstructing national history is still far away，Some domestic scholars have begun to adopt the concept of "post-process bet365 horse racing odds" that is ahead of my country's current practice，Emphasize the relativism and humanistic value of archaeological interpretation。In the craze of establishing bet365 horse racing odds with Chinese characteristics，The idea of ​​post-processual bet365 horse racing odds has great appeal。Because，This school of thought believes that positivist archaeological research is insufficient to reconstruct the past，There cannot be a single and objective view of humanity’s past，There are different viewpoints and reasons from different standpoints。So，Archaeology returns to "historical particularism"，While emphasizing the uniqueness of the development of Chinese civilization，Strive to establish a special bet365 horse racing odds that is different from international paradigms and terminology。This development trend confirms the observation of Bruce Trigg in the book "History of Archaeological Thought"，That is, bet365 horse racing odds around the world has always been influenced by society、Economic and political influences，And will change with changes in social conditions。

　　Mixture and bet365 horse racing odds

Changes in the international archaeological paradigm，Experienced a directional progressive process of continuous optimization，For example, process bet365 horse racing odds makes up for the shortcomings of cultural and historical bet365 horse racing odds in seeing things but not people。Same，Post-processual bet365 horse racing odds emphasizes human thought and agency，It makes up for the shortcomings of processual bet365 horse racing odds that only regards culture as a means of adaptation。Now，They are generally viewed as complementary rather than opposing paradigms，And represented by the upgraded version of cognitive-process bet365 horse racing odds。

However，Archaeology in the process of Western learning spreading eastward，Various theoretical methods are isolated、Messy and selective introduction to China，And experienced localized transformation。And，Time of introduction of various theoretical methods，Largely lags behind the popular period of the original paradigm，Mixing old and new methods，Outdated and advanced coexist。This deepens the gap between various theoretical methods of bet365 horse racing odds research，Making each other incompatible。

As a geologist, Anderson only introduced fieldwork to China，No contribution in research methods。Li Ji first started with bronzes and pottery，Based on form，Established its own type classification system。bet365 horse racing odds system aims to establish a method of arranging objects，Facilitate communication between scholars，It is not used to establish a chronological or cultural sequence。Su Bingqi draws on the typology of Swedish scholar Montelius，Arrange and describe the artifacts，And construct a chronological sequence。His culture type is completely based on the combination of pottery。

The concept of "archaeological culture" is the core concept of cultural and historical bet365 horse racing odds，It was introduced into China much later than the typology。And，The definition of archaeological culture given by Chinese scholars is consistent with Childe’s “certain types of relics that always coexist repeatedly—pottery、Tools、Decorations、Funeral Customs、There are certain differences in the definition of "house style"，The cultural space-time framework constructed using it is not as detailed as Child’s mosaic model。The interpretation of cultural and historical bet365 horse racing odds mainly relies on diffusion theory，To trace the origins of cultures and people、Communication and Development。Until today，The main paradigm of bet365 horse racing odds in my country is still based on Su Bingqi’s archaeological cultural zone type。

1980s，The paradigm of process bet365 horse racing odds begins to influence China。Various technological methods are coming in droves，But the dominant cultural-historical archaeological paradigm has not changed in response to the situation。This results in the adoption of technical means with practical value，However, related problem-oriented theories are rejected，Making technological bet365 horse racing odds incompatible with traditional paradigms。The two groups of scholars who study different materials do not have a common discourse and complementary goals，The results can only be reflected in the form of independent chapters or appendices。

Looking back at the European and American circles，It shows that theoretical methods are inseparable，Scientific and technological methods are means used to test theories of economic and social evolution。For example，American archaeologist Robert Braidwood pioneered multidisciplinary research in the Fertile Crescent in the late 1940s，Just to test Childe’s “oasis theory” on the origin of agriculture。Final proof of environmental bet365 horse racing odds，The origin of agriculture in the Near East was not inspired by postglacial drought。

We should be aware，No matter how much data the technology test obtains，No matter how refreshing some of the results are，If it does not help solve the problem of cultural change，Then these data and results are still the claws of the snow and mud hanging outside history。Technological bet365 horse racing odds is a means for bet365 horse racing odds to reconstruct the past，An ally of field bet365 horse racing odds，But it is not sufficient by itself to constitute an independent field of exploration。Departed from the goal of historical reconstruction，Then it will become a castle in the air。No matter how rich the accumulated data is，They still look like potsherds，It is a pile of fragmented evidence。

　　Target and path

If Chinese bet365 horse racing odds is to truly achieve the goal of reconstructing national history，First we need to update the paradigm，Provide problem guidance for the interdisciplinary formation of scientific and technological methods into archaeology。There is an essential difference between archaeological historical reconstruction and documentary history，The materiality of its research materials determines that it must rely on the help of natural science methods，To refine the invisible information that is not intuitive。And，Comparing bet365 horse racing odds and History，better at exploring the environment、Shengye、Technology、Long-term development of population and social complexity。For scientific and technological archaeologists，You should be familiar with and master the new paradigms and new theories of contemporary archaeology，Strive to provide key information to solve various archaeological problems。So，Field bet365 horse racing odds and scientific and technological bet365 horse racing odds should be a systematic project of collaborative cooperation，Use common questions to guide exploration、Collect samples、Select analysis method，Then test the hypothesis，Build a theoretical model and draw conclusions。

bet365 horse racing odds is good at reconstructing the kind of political history and chronology that are not historical documents，It’s about humans adapting to the environment、Transform the environment，Organize yourself，The overall history of the development from primitive travel groups to the country and civilized society。After entering the historical period，Archaeology can still provide context that is not documented in documents、Population、Economy、Background information on trade and clan。In terms of studying the past of mankind，Archaeology is a part of history。And，This subject is the only source of information for more than 99% of human history。Since the object of archaeological research is mainly material culture，So its analysis method is more like natural science，Need to collect evidence，Do experiments，Propose a hypothesis，Test the hypothesis with more data，Then construct a pattern to draw conclusions。However，This concluding review or historical reconstruction must be expressed in the language of the humanities，To recreate the behavior of the ancients、Thoughts and Emotions。

At a time when scientific and technological means are increasingly penetrating into various fields of bet365 horse racing odds，We must simultaneously enhance the problem awareness guided by theory，This awareness of the problem is equally important for archaeologists and scientific and technological experts。As far as the current status of bet365 horse racing odds in our country，Urgent need for consensus on problem awareness。For example，Environmental bet365 horse racing odds、Animal and plant bet365 horse racing odds and isotope analysis were originally operating paths guided by the theory of cultural ecology，Used to explore the changes in the relationship between man and land in prehistory。Therefore，Chinese field archaeologists should pay attention to the functional analysis of material culture，Beyond the classification of artifacts to explore issues of productivity and production relations。Archaeological interpretation can no longer be limited to origin and spread，We must pay attention to the internal motivations of cultural changes。Archaeological remains as a product of human culture，In the original living social system, respectively in the economy、Technology、Religion、Play a role in political or social organizations。Explore the social value of the use of different cultural relics，It is the first step in bet365 horse racing odds to reveal things and people。

Let the static material remains survive，We should put them into living organic systems to think and analyze，Understand their interactions and impacts。This is the systems theory thinking of process bet365 horse racing odds，We must put material culture into the environment、Technology、Economy、Society、Observe their dynamic effects in different subsystems such as trade and belief。These subsystems are independent of each other but influence each other，Maintain the operation of the entire cultural system。Changes in a certain subsystem may affect changes in the entire system，For example, environment、Improvements in technology and crop yields，All may affect settlement and population growth，Thus leading to the accumulation of surplus products，A process that leads to the concentration of wealth and the complexity of society。On this basis，Archaeology observes changes in cultural functions and systems from a diachronic process，Be able to identify the drivers of cultural change，Thus providing a more credible explanation for social development。

Cultural-historical bet365 horse racing odds should continue to improve and leverage its typological and stratigraphic advantages，Provide a more detailed and sophisticated spatio-temporal framework for the analysis of social and cultural functions and processes，To observe social evolution。Technological bet365 horse racing odds is a powerful assistant to process bet365 horse racing odds，Can adapt to the environment、Technology、Economy、Trade and demographic changes provide key information for historical reconstruction。The cosmology of ancient society、Religion、Ideology is the most difficult field of exploration，The rigorous exploration of post-processual bet365 horse racing odds in this area also needs to be based on solid ethnography、History、Art History、Based on national historical research and analogy。Through such a paradigm update and the intersection of disciplines，Archaeology can reconstruct an economy that encompasses technology、Overall history of social structure and ideology。

In the current situation where the archaeological discipline is becoming increasingly specialized，Whether it is scholars with different specializations or basic training for university graduate students，We must pay attention to communication between disciplines，Avoid drawing the ground as a prison。Scholars with a science background need to be more familiar with basic field archaeological knowledge and social science theories，Field workers also need to better understand the basic principles and effects of various scientific and technological methods，Familiar with the classics of cultural anthropology and history。Such discipline training，Talent bet365 horse racing odds、Integration of knowledge from natural sciences and humanities，Really achieve multi-disciplinary intersection。The goal of this interdisciplinary approach is to form the same research "whole"，Experts from various disciplines are familiar with each other and draw on each other’s disciplinary advantages，And accustomed to long-term cooperation。This direction is consistent with the international academic development trend，And be better qualified for the arduous task of reconstructing the national history of Chinese bet365 horse racing odds。

(Author’s unit: Department of bet365 horse racing odds Relics and Museum Studies, Fudan University)