In recent years，New archeological discovery before the Xia Dynasty。Therefore，Related exploration corresponding to archeological culture and the relationship between the five emperors tends to flourish。But，Because the Five Emperor's era and archeological culture have some uncertainty，These corresponding explorations have more or less bias or even fallacy。Therefore，It is necessary to discuss this issue。

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Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records of the Five Emperor" based on "Five Emperor" and "Emperor"，Equipment of the Five Emperor: Huangdi、颛顼、Emperor、Yao and Shun。If Emperor Yu，is the six emperor。So far，The Five Emperor's Department before the Xia Dynasty formed a historic summary。But the controversy has not been terminated because of this，In addition to objection to the specific name and arrangement of the five emperors，Some scholars question the Five Emperor's own。Liu Zhiji once said "Historical Records · Five Emperor's Benji" "Nothing"。Ouyang Xiu said that the world's "chaotic upside down" "not enough letter"。Liang Yuzhong (1745-1819) Suspecting the certainty of the five emperors，It is called "the Five Emperors If I feel like a dream"。Cui Shu (1740-1816) Although basically recognized Yao Shun，But I think that the five emperors in Mandarin and Daiji are the most ridiculous，"It is the name number，Pseudo -writing deeds "。Gu Jiegang testing ancient history，Questioning the existence of the five emperors，denies the contact between Yu and Xia。

but，There are also many opinions on the opposite。Zhang Yinlin believes that Gu Jiegang's research method is false，Excessive use of the dexterity method。Wang Guowei advocates that the ancient and doubt must not be too much，Verify Yu Xia Ji 颛 顼，Yin Zhou's Emperor 喾，Yu Xiashang lives in the east，and Zhou Du rose to the West。Scholars who conducted a special study of the Five Emperor's era are Bet365 app download Xu Bingyu，He mostly acknowledged the structure of "Historical Records of the Five Emperor's Ben"，Huaxia Group, one of the three major regions of ancient tribes，Its main body includes Huang Di and Yandi，and will 颛顼、You Yu、Business as a one -piece department，Its position and nature are between Huaxia and Dongyi，belonging to a Asian Group。

Such as the kingdom advocated，Excessive beliefs are not desirable and doubtful。But there is no doubt that，The historical facts of the Five Emperor's era have indeed uncertainty。First is the uncertainty of the name of the five emperors，Liang Yulong has listed seven more，And there are six emperors、Eight Emperor said。Even the five emperors opened in the "Historical Records of the Five Emperor Benji" prevail，The structure of this life also has the following uncertainty。

One，Uncertainty of time and order。The beginning and duration of the Five Emperor's era is not clear，The so -called Yellow Emperor Zhuan Tenth World、Biography Twenty Yunyun，All are subsequent associations。There is no blood relationship between the five emperors，No need to be discussed; the preface of the spectrum is upside down and chaos，It is also quite obvious。For example，Yellow Emperor 8th Sun Shun，Instead, he married his fourth ancestor's daughter as his wife; Sun Shun, the fourth generation of Yao Chuan，And Shun uploaded its fourth generation ancestral Yu。Therefore，Even if you do not consider the accuracy of the Five Emperor's Department，Single in terms of time long axis，The interval represented by this life is also blurred。In other words，Even if the name of the five emperors is regarded as the name of several tribes，It is also not easy to clarify the time of the historical evolution of the tribes。According to Xu Bingzhang's statement，I don’t know after a few hundred years of Yunyun。

Its two，Uncertainty in the region。Five Emperors and other tribes are difficult to distinguish，Different explanations of Note and often exist in each other。Even if it is considering or due to the migration of the tribe, it involves a broader area，But it is difficult to distinguish bet365 live casino games the exact range and interconnection between many locations involved。Xu Bingzheng approved the Huaxia Group of the Five Emperors in the middle and upstream of the Yellow River，Coupled with the close Dongyi Group，cover the entire Yellow River Basin and the Huaihe River Basin。Among the three major groups divided by Mongolongtong，The Emperor Divine belongs to Jianghan Group。If many tribal activities such as the five emperors are in such a wide range，To further identify the exact regional and migration routes of the ministries，will be a complicated question。

Its three，Uncertainty of the structure。Five Emperor Shiji upside down chaos，is a manifestation of its structural uncertainty。other，The most prominent manifestation is the uncertainty of the structure of the five emperors such as the five emperors，The decomposition and fusion details in the evolution of the tribe are difficult to distinguish。Xu Bingzheng noticed this，Therefore, three Asian groups were listed outside the three major groups。Actually，Of course, it can be subdivided within the Asian Group。

To sum up，In view of the five emperors in the literature records, there are so many uncertainty，When corresponding to archeological culture，Naturally, it loses a stable and reliable foundation。Therefore，Need to distinguish it carefully、Cute correspondence。

　　Archaeological culture has some vagueness

Archaeological culture with material relics as the main connotation，Have time、Three major constituent elements of space and characteristics。Cultural characteristics are its foundation and starting point，The space -time interval is its extension structure。Cultural characteristics are objective existence，But the theoretical framework and technical support that depends on its specific grasp will inevitably have subjective differences，Misty will definitely lead to differences in the time and space of cultural relics。As for the absolute age schedule，Although there are natural scientific measurement methods，But there are still operating differences in the scope of annual errors and data recognition。bet365 live casino games Therefore，can only produce a relatively close data interval。All these，Reflected in the connotation structure of archeological culture and cognition of time and space interval，Some fuzzyness will appear。

Take the famous Yangshao Culture Exploration as an example。The age was between 5000-3000 BC，This annual interval has been recognized by the archeological community，But there are complicated understanding of its structure and distribution area: the so -called "big Yangshao"，Cover the entire loess plateau;，Reduce to Zhaizhong、Jinnan and Western Henan region。In the structural study of Yangshao culture，Divided more than 20 time or regional types。where，Some are then named Culture，For example, Banpo Culture、Temple Digou Culture, etc.。This type of culture may be recognized as an independent culture that is different from the original Yangshao system，Or a secondary small culture in Yangshao culture，that is, big culture with small culture。These many cultures，Is it a different system that belongs to the same level，Or is it different in the same system? So far，The academic community is still difficult to obtain consensus。

Similar to Yangshao culture is not uncommon，Especially for the most prominent culture of Longshan era。Its complex and complicated connotation and structure，It is undoubtedly an excellent manifestation of the ambiguity of archeological culture。What needs to be clear is，This situation is essentially a feature that is explored in depth of archeological culture，Because archeological culture research is far less than the quantitative qualitative and strict formula reasoning of natural sciences。but，When archeological culture corresponds to each other，Then you need to take this vagueness carefully。

　There are deviations and errors in the corresponding correspondence

The Five Emperor's era and archeological culture have different degrees of uncertainty，Correspondence between the two is more likely to have deviation or even fallacy。Its main manifestation is that when the culture of the same family is corresponding to the culture of the same family: the difference between the time axis Bet365 lotto review of the corresponding culture is hundreds of years or even thousands of years，Space offset to thousands of kilometers，Cultural attributes are also diverse。corresponding to this，When corresponding to the same archeology culture，There are also situations where many tribes are concentrated。Here is an example based on the historical archeological culture of the Huangdi tribe and the prehistoric archeological culture of the Loess Plateau。

Archaeological culture corresponding to the Huangdi tribe includes: all or a certain branch type、Temple Digou No. 2 Culture、Longshan Culture on the Loess Plateau or a branch type、Hongshan Culture, etc.。

The tribe corresponding to Yangshao Culture includes: Emperor Yan、Yellow Emperor、Early Emperor Yan or Huangdi、Late Yellow Emperor、Late in Zhu Rongshi or Xianxia。

The tribe corresponding to Longshan Culture on the Loess Plateau includes: Huangdi、Early Emperor、Late Emperor Yao、Yao、Shun、You Yu、Xianxia、First Shang、First and waiting。

Based on many of the above views，The beginning of the Huangdi tribe includes a variety of views，that is, about 5000 BC、4000 years ago、BC 3500 years、3000 years ago、1,500 years ago，corresponding to the early, middle and late period of Yangshao culture、Temple Digou Phase II and Longshan Culture，The front and rear span for more than 2000 years。This group actually represents the beginning of the Five Emperor's era led by Huangdi。As for the end of the Huangdi tribe，There are also a variety of views，or stop in the middle of Yangshao、Late，or stop at the second period of Miao Digou or early Longshan。So，Then the time for the Huangdi tribe to exist is about 500 years to 2000。The area where the Huangdi tribe is located，There is also a wide range of range intervals，Small to Zhaizhong、Jinnan and Western Henan，As large as the entire loess plateau，and even the Liaohe River Basin north of Yanshan。

According to the study of "Historical Records · Five Emperor Benji" and many scholars' research，The Five Emperor Series and related tribes have a system of vertical and horizontal aspects，It is divided into three major stages，The two major departments of Gao Yang Bet365 app download and Gao Xin's in the region，Among them, the Huangdi tribe itself is divided into two north and south。Therefore，The strict concepts of the Huangdi tribe and other tribes should have a specific structure and time and space interval。The time and space interval corresponding to the archeological culture is，Large span situations that are stretched and widening all exist，The diversity corresponding to culture reflects an uncertainty。The chaos corresponding to this time and space large span and cultural diversity，undoubtedly reflects that there must be a certain degree of deviation or even false errors。

The connotation structure and time and space interval of specific tribes need to be tightly demonstrated，The scope of tribal activity also needs to be cautious。For example，Some emperors or their tribes in the Five Emperor era have strong primitive religious colors，Xu Bingzhang's research said that 颛顼 is "religious master"; Gu Jiegang and others believe that Dayu is the "god of heaven" by everyone; Fu Sinian further analyzes the saying，Dayu was respected as God，Following the evolution to ancestor。Therefore，Avoid religious scope as the distribution of national nations。Another，A certain tribe may use two or more multiple cultures，and a certain culture may also be used by two tribes or multiple tribes，There is still a complex dynamic evolution that occurs due to time, etc.。Therefore，The connotation structure and time and space interval of archaeological culture also need to be finely sorted out、Construction。If all details have not been fully verified，Roughly corresponding to a certain archeological culture with a tribe，It is very easy to appear certain deviations and fallacy。

Excessive suspicion of ancient times, of course, insufficient，But the prehistoric archeological culture corresponds to the simple correspondence with many tribes in the five emperors，I am afraid there will be some problems。Whether the ancient tribe or archeological culture，All have complex connotations and structures，All need to be carefully examined。Construct a more accurate concept system，Instead of comparing at the level of approaching each other，bet365 best casino games Use comprehensive logic evidence chain test for inference，In the end, you can be cautious to correspond to each other。

(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture, Hebei Normal University、Deputy Director of the Xiashang Professional Committee of the China Archeology Association、Director of the Chinese Society of Pioneers of China; Researcher at Hebei Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archeology、Deputy Director of the two weeks of the two weeks of the Chinese Archaeological Society)