Logical thinking in the historical vision

System、Complete historical theory has an internal academic structure，According to the theoretical circles in the past 50 years、Studies in the History Circle，Most scholars agree with "the theory of the body", "the theory of epistemology", and "methodology".、Epidemic theory and Methodology "，"History Research" 1988, No. 1)。Among them, "methodology" is of course involved in history、Research History method、Method，But it should not be limited to collecting historical materials、Differential technical details of historical materials，Instead, it is necessary to make a high theoretical summary，"Method Theory" is to discuss historical methods at the theoretical level。Therefore，"Introduction to History" edited by Mr. Wu Ze (Anhui Education Press 1985 edition) believes，The research history is mainly two methods，The first is "the method of history"，The second is the "logical method"。Explanations of other various research methods，Such as "History History", "Comparative History", "Psychological History", etc.，It is a variety of entry methods that may have historical research，instead of generally applicable，Therefore, it cannot be improved to the theoretical level of methodology。

The so -called "historical method"，Its feature is the generation of things、When does the development start from?，Our inspection starts from that place，Carry out research procedures according to the development process of things，Organic contacts including the sequence of things through the development of things，Explore its cause and effect、Evolution process and development trend。Bet365 app download This can be obtained from the historical understanding of in -depth systems，3239_3264。Historical methods and logic methods have inherent unity，It belongs to the "dialectical thinking" method in operation，It belongs to the "dialectical thinking" method in operation。

As for "Logic Method"，It has very rich content，Many problems are controversial in the academic community，Different views，Here is limited to space，Cannot sort it in detail。Actually，In the perspective of modern history，Logical thinking worthy of attention and frequent manifestations，It is a way of thinking about formal logic and dialectical logic。

Form logic is very early，Ancient Greek University Ayutto, Aristotle, has initially established the foundation，Later, it developed increasingly，Form a strict system and structure，Features is to clear thinking and determination of thinking and judgment。For example，The same logic is the same to prevent the concept of stealing in the reasoning、Transfer proposition，Self -conflict of non -contradictions against conclusions，The law of the row refuses to be ambiguous between the opposite insights。Under the restriction of logic specifications，Use form logic to solve the problem of historical research，There are interpretations、summary、Summary、Abstract and other ideas。

The interpretation method is the reasoning procedure from universal recognition to the judgment of specific things，The earliest disclosure of "three -stage" thinking mode was revealed by Aristotle，That is the correct premise、Tips closely related to the premise，From the judgment of related topics。In the "Three -stage" interpretation method，The premise must be correct，Can't be vague at all，This is the least basis for subsequent reasoning that may be established。

The thinking method and inference form of inductive method，is among quite a few specific things，Common features，Extension of more universal views，that is from specific to general thinking logic。The induction method can be divided into three types，That is the complete summary method、Simple enumeration method and induction method for judging cause and effect。Complete induction method refers to the summary of all cases on the same question。For example，Results of the ancient farmers' war，It is impossible to build a brand new social system，It includes the inspection of all instances。Simple enumeration is just a few cases cards，Non -complete induction，There is still uncertainty for inference。On a big problem，Non -complete induction is very common，But if it can assist with the "inductive method of judging the connection between causality"，Make a deep causal analysis of the mechanism that caused the conclusion，then it is reliable、The degree of credibility has greatly improved。For example，Italian historian Vico's "New Scientific Principles on the Commonness of the Nation"，Put forward the common development law of human history，But the law he summarized is still superficial，The case of the case is also limited，Not to accurately Bet365 app download reveal the inherent reasons that determine social development。It was not until Marx and Engels that the basic contradictions in the society were deeply revealed，The contradiction between productivity and production relationship、The contradiction between the economic foundation and the upper -level building，It is pointed out that this is the fundamental reason for social development and has objective laws，Created the theory of scientific historical materialism。

Form logic is certainly a powerful tool for analyzing problems，But there is a large limitations，That is associated with metaphysical thought，Often isolated、Static、Absolute and split overall vision observation problem。Dialectical thinking absorption and include all the advantages of formal logic，Investigation on the overall system that can engage in things at the same time，Another level of comparison analysis，Pay special attention to the disclosure of the internal contradictions of things，Judgment from the perspective of development，There is a greater vision than formal logic、greater dimension，​​The more you face complex and large -scale problems，The more you can show the best place。The historical rules of Marxism，It is the investigation of dialectical thinking combined with the social history of multiple regions，Not researching problems within the form of form logic。

Dialectic thinking is a weapon to solve historic problems

Simple dialectical thinking ancient existence，But the systemic "dialectical logic" is put on the agenda，Start with German thinker Hegel。Marxist Material Dialectics was founded，Dialectical thinking reaches the level of science，"Dialectical Logic" already has a strict thinking structure。Dialectical logic rules，The first is to look at everything with the development of development，In -depth analysis of the inherent contradictions of things，Reveal the cause of its essence and development and evolution; the second is to make an inspection in the overall general connection，layer analysis，requires comprehensiveness and requesting specificity; the third is that you should not be separated from existing and social practice when you make reasoning and judgment，"The development of logic does not necessarily be limited to pure abstract fields，On the contrary，It requires examples of history，Need to continue contact with reality "。Dialectic logic also has sufficient category，If the result and result、Form and content、Phenomenon and essence、Relators and absolute、Individual and general、Must and accidental、Possibility and reality、Protection and negation。These categories are contradictory refinement of oppositional unity，With completely different agility and active nature of logic category，The conceptual tool for becoming a research problem。As Lenin said: "The category is the steps in the process，The steps in the process of knowing the world，online new knot help us know and master the web of natural phenomena。”

Engels said: "The laws of dialectics, whether the movement of nature and human history in nature，Bet365 app download or the movement of thinking，All must be the same。"" Dialectic thinking pays more attention to the study of overall research and internal contradictions of things，In the macro inspection of social history，With unique scientific cognition，Is other non -dialectical thinking unparalleled。This is already known to people，No need to discuss more。So，In terms of historical facts and research，Is there any logic of dialectical thinking、What are the excellences that surpass other research methods? The answer is yes。Here, I would like to combine the author's history of governance，Tell this question。

When did traditional Chinese history come from? Whether it is studying the history of history or studying general history，Both should have such a problem consciousness，Due to the exploration of the source of the source，It is researching historical development、Academic scores of cultural development。Solving such a problem，There is no ready -made direct information to quote，Make rich historical materials with dialectical thinking，and compare it with Lenovo，Give meticulous analysis and reasoning，Deep meaning hidden in the excavation。

China has a good month in the ancient Yin Shang Dynasty、Method of the Date，The only year of the year is immature，Bronze inscriptions in the Western Zhou Dynasty often lacks a chronological year，Some are also expressed in "Victoria ×× Year"，Number of instant king's reign。The monarch who is in the reign lacks specific names，It is difficult to confirm the era of many bronze inscriptions。but，Under the condition of incomplete annual method，Chinese ancient ancient, but from 841 BC, the first year of the Republic，Start with an exact continuity historical year，This can only be the result of continuous notes in the order of time。Remember continuously in the order of time，It is the generation of official chronicles，That is the generation of traditional Chinese history。Western Zhou Dynasty passed the "national riots"，Zhou Li's fled and caused the "Republican Administration" situation，Republican administration，It is clear that their governance is just a transition period，So record history at any time to prepare for investigation，Politician needs，The mechanism of catalyzed continuous notes，Of course, the continuous age years began。

Explanation above，From raising questions to reasoning conclusions，A lot of historical knowledge points are connected and analyzed and comprehensive，It is realized in dialectical thinking。No dialectical thinking，Can't solve such problems，Lack of historical development concept of exploring discipline sources and processes，It may never even think of asking such problems。

The scholar Zhang Xuecheng during the Qianjia period of the Qing Dynasty came to the theory of a lot of creativity。Researchers have always believed that "Zhang Xuecheng's rich historical theory，Due to the bumps due to my life，Can't try it in history，So as to practice the theoretical of your own history to the field of Fang Zhi "。But the actual situation is，Zhang Xuecheng has been engaged in cultivation bet365 Play online games activities very early，History theory is very late，Mature historical thesis is only written after an important revision activity，Its historical theoretical creativity is the practice of the compilation Fang Zhi。Zhang Xuecheng's life resume is very clear，Refer to Hu Shi、Yao Mingda's "Mr. Zhang Shizhai's Chronicles"，In the sequence of time, his compilation and writing discussion，Yao Mingda's "Mr. Zhang Shizhai's Chronicles"，All produced and developed from the cultivation of the square。Zhang Xuecheng himself also said: "Cultivation and Employment Bureau，Frequent unknown flow plus ejection，It must be recorded repeatedly。Although this is "Literary History and History", there is something to invent，Repeatedly bumpy cannot forget love。"(" and Hu Yanjun "，"Zhang's Lesses" Volume 9) This is a contradiction that he often faces the blame of others，Need to "repeat the right"，Therefore, it has promoted the exploration of historical theory。Zhang Xuecheng is under the cultural background of the world's emphasis on research，If it is not a lifetime of compiled Fang Zhi，Perhaps you will not insist on discussing historiology theory。So，Zhang Xuecheng's historian creative view comes from the practice of the compilation Fang Zhi，It has certain special characteristics，But there is a general significance of epistemology。

other，The author has written in the book "Shi Tong" in the Tang Dynasty Liu Zhiju.，Written in the outer article，During the writing process，Liu Zhiji's understanding has changed significantly，The inner chant the Confucian "Five Classics"，outer chapter attacks "Spring and Autumn" and "Shang Shu"，It seems to be self -conflict with a static vision，It is actually the development of thought。The author of "Yue Jueshu" and the era of books，It is a question that has been arguing from the Tang Dynasty，There are many related arguments，Different insights。Analysis of various data，It is found that this book style and content are very rude，The purpose of writing is to resist the derogation of the Vietnamese Gou in Zhao Yue "Wu Yue Chunqiu" in the Eastern Han Dynasty，Nai Eastern Han Dynasty (now "(now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) launched a number of township gentlemen，Yuan Kang、Wu Ping wrote one after another，But I failed to get rid of the control of the township。The book was written in 122 years，That is the first year of the Emperor An Emperor Yanguang。This research is the same as the test of time in Chinese history，Can be accurately until the year。Very obvious，Under the condition that no information is directly recorded，It can only rely on dialectical thinking to unveil the hidden information of the hidden historical materials，Contact the historical background for inference。Dialectic thinking，It can solve the problem that other research methods cannot solve。

Exploring the history of development of history with dialectical thinking

history，Still introduced from overseas to secondary sex，All need to accumulate results，Continuous progress，Only to form a relatively independent social and Bet365 lotto review cultural system，High -sighted Heel。History Once there is a relatively independent position in the overall system of the social and cultural system，will produce inherent contradictions that promote your own development，Internal contradictions are also connected with the environment where they are located、Cardinal of interactive。Therefore，The overall development of history as the historic theory and the subject of historius，All should be discussed in depth the inherent contradictions of the development of historical development，This discussion should be closely combined with the analysis of the relevant social environment，thus summarize and summarize the leading clues and evolution direction of historic development。Lenin said: "To know all the processes in the world '‘ own exercise ’、Self -development and flourishing life，It is necessary。Development is the ‘struggle’。"Analysis of the inherent contradictions of the development of things，It is the most fundamental principle and method of dialectical thinking，Suitable for research on all historical processes。

Chinese traditional history has continued to develop since its self -emerged，Living in a very important position in the entire ancient society and culture。The inherent basic contradictions of traditional Chinese history，You need to make theoretical level exploration。To achieve this purpose，In addition to comprehensively grasping the information of ancient China on the concept of history of governance，In -depth analysis and synthesis，It must also be compared with Western classical history，Between two historical sciences produced and developed independently，Refining the essential aspects common。So，Middle、What is the common point of the ancient history of the Western ancient generation? The first is to establish the guidelines for historiography，The second is the concept of governing history。Seeking True and Top，A complementary relationship that is regarded by the ancients as ideal，This is the limitations of understanding。A complementary relationship that is regarded by the ancients as ideal，The focus of contradiction is the first purpose。In most cases，This contradiction is right and wrong，Generally promoting the progress of history。Notepad is the condition of historiography and establishment，and a certain social function will get widespread attention and support，Improve the self -confidence and sense of responsibility of the historians，Xiangzhu History Development、Gaising。Big pursuit of the practical function of history，Thorough implementation of possibility of impacting authenticity，In the development of history, it continues to overcome the distortion caused by social function impact，Repeated operation，Interaction、complementary、Models of mutual restraint。Only in extremely special cases，If there is a text prison or use historical problems, the party is different，Only turbulent into confrontation，If Wu Guo Wei Zhao's History of Wu Guo Wei Zhao during the Three Kingdoms period、The fierce party battle in the late Ming Dynasty、"Nanxun Zhuangshi History Case" in the early years bet365 live casino games of the Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty。

The most obvious difference between traditional Chinese history and western classical history，It was institutionalized in ancient China、Organized official history，closely connecting history with politics。To the Eastern Han Dynasty，presents a solid official history and interaction with private history、Complement and each other with each other with each other。The contradictions used by historians and the history of writing，Interweave in the process of the unity of the opposition between official history and private history。Therefore，Research on History of Chinese History，You can seize the interaction between official history and private history，The main line of the development of traditional historical development。In ancient China，Official History and Private History have equivalent historical status，The two interconnected development tracks of official history and private history，It is the reason why traditional Chinese history is continuous、The main reason for prosperity and prosperity。

Sorry，Explore the internal contradictions and development motivation of traditional Chinese history，It is the key work that reveals the development mechanism of traditional Chinese history，Close to revealing the development law of traditional Chinese history。In short，Discover and analyze the internal contradictions of things，It is the basic purpose of dialectical thinking，It is an indispensable methodology for academic research，Analysis of basic contradictions，Of course you need to follow historical facts，Seeking truth from facts，Do not create a pair of concepts to act as an inherent contradiction in a certain thing。For historians，Skills for improving historical materials collection and selection，The literacy of sound dialectical thinking is more important，At present, Shi Xian should use it as the first priority for self -experience and guiding students。

　　(Author is a special professor of Langfang Teachers College、Professor of History College of Nankai University)