Three writing paradigms in the history of Chinese philosophy

The first book named after "The History of Chinese Philosophy" is from Xie Wuliang's hand，But the academic community generally believes that Hu Shi's "History of Chinese Philosophy" is the work that created a new era of Chinese philosophy。Hu Shi later said: "The special position of my book is to seize the 'famous method' (logic method of every philosopher or every school，Methods of knowledge thinking)，Think that this is the central question of the history of philosophy。"" Actually，The reason why this book is opened first，The main reason is that Hu Shi tried to use "logic" to penetrate Chinese traditional ideas.。The so -called "logic" is the broad sense "philosophy"，It's just that the philosophy that Hu Shi understands more points to knowledge theory。Hu Shi，There are Feng Youlan's "History of Chinese Philosophy" and Zhang Jianian's "Chinese Philosophy Outline"，On the one hand, it has been promoted in terms of content integrity and appropriateness of expression，On the other hand, the philosophy expands the philosophy to the cosmic theory、This body theory、Value Theory、Life Theory and Method Theory。But，Hu Shi's writing paradigm of Chinese philosophy history is that there is "philosophy" without "history"，The philosophy history of Feng Youlan and Zhang Yinian and others cannot be completely exempted from this problem。

What truly introduces historical concepts into philosophy and rewrite the history of Chinese philosophy is the Chinese philosophy historian with Marxist knowledge and educational background。Affected by the historical view of the Soviet Union's Nikodov in the Soviet Union，The history of Chinese philosophy is understood as the history of materialism and idealism.，This method is fully reflected in bet365 best casino games some works on the history of Chinese philosophy。But，This method also has some disadvantages of simplification and rigidity。Some books on the history of Chinese philosophy have refined the history of philosophy into a process of rising human cognitive spirals。Some works described the history of Chinese philosophy as a negative dialectical movement process in the structure of broad understanding。This Chinese philosophical writing paradigm map implements the principle of unity of history and logic，But it is characterized by，There are "philosophy" and "history"，"China" seems to be absent。

Pay more attention to portraying the history of Chinese philosophy from the "China" position is Mu Zongsan。Mu Zongsan also has a clear historical concept，He understands Chinese philosophy as the knowledge of life，Understand the history of Chinese philosophy as the historical process that pursues ideals of individual life and must be expressed through practice。From the perspective of Mu Zongsan，The ideal of Chinese philosophy, that is, the original endpoint of the history of philosophy is "morality upward"，It stipulates the basic direction of Chinese philosophy。This "Heart" manifests in conceptual performance as "the whole" set by Confucius frame "，It "stored is the activity"，Mu Zongsan used this as a method to specifically and slightly write the history of Chinese philosophy of Song and Ming Confucianism，That is, "Heart and Together" and "From Lu Xiangshan to Liu Yeshan"，I proposed the famous "three -system theory"。Mu Zongsan's Chinese Philosophy History Writing Format has collected three elements of Chinese philosophy history，But on the one hand, there is no comprehensive connection，On the other hand, lack of methodology，That is, I did not start from the philosophical "bottom book" to affirm the writing method of the history of Chinese philosophy。

　　China's historical concept and reality of name

From the above you can know，During the writing process of the history of Chinese philosophy，Establishing China's "history" concept is a basic requirement。The so -called "history" cannot be simply understood as the phenomenon and the total of the events experienced by the daily life，Instead, the "one" of the "one" of the event and the "more" relationship of the event。But，Multi -terminal changes in historical events、Ethical and eternal flow，Is there an inner inevitable connection in the meantime?

In fact，Western philosophy tradition has long been skeptical of this。This is because it starts from Plato，Western philosophy strictly distinguish between the concept world and the world of phenomena，The object of knowledge is an eternal concept，Opinions are the phenomenon of change。Objects of historical bet365 live casino games research are the process of change，So it obviously cannot be the object of knowledge。Under the influence of this essentialist，A popular anti -historicalism in the West，Most scholars believe that history does not have the qualifications to become science，Descartes even determined that "history is impossible"。This situation has passed by Spearza、After reflection by the reflection by Vico, Kant and others，Only when Hegel was completely reversed。Hegel excavated dialectics，Affirmed the constant change in the change，From this understanding of the self -presentation of "absolute spirit"，and the principle of "unity of history and logic" for the first time。but but，The so -called historical and logical consistency of Hegel is based on logic to determine history。So，Although Marx inherited Hegel's dialectics，But he believes that he has reversed the relationship between history and logic，Then turn it back，Reconstruction of the principle of "historical and logical unity" in the perspective of practice。

Different from the West，Tradition of Chinese culture has a history of history。Confucian Taoism has developed mature historical concepts very early。As the historian of the Zhou Dynasty, Lao Tzu found that all phenomena are changing，The so -called "Floating wind will not end in the end，Sudden rain will not be all day "，From this "observation and change"，It proposed the "Chang Tao" as the constant change。The main content of the "Tao" as "frequent" is "anti"，That is, the dialectics of the opposite and the reciprocity of the cycle。Similarly，Confucius' vision is also the historical changes and trends since the three generations，He proposed: "Yin is due to Xia Li，profit or loss，You can see; Zhou is due to Yin Li，profit or loss，You can know;，Although Bai Shi can know it。"This is known that there is some kind of fixed number in the changes in history，From this, it can be speculated that the trend of history。So，Xunzi said straightforwardly: "Tianxing has frequent，Not dead，Not dead。Should be governed by it，Should be chaotic and fierce。"" "Zhou Yi"，"Fairy Ci" said: "Yi" is not far away，Repeatedly moved to the Tao。Changes are not resident，Rigidity and softness，Up and down impermanence，Rigidity and softness，Can't be a code，Only changes are suitable。"This is the constant of the change in the change of change itself，This is "the predicate of life"。Understand the concept of history as "life" is the characteristics and background of Chinese philosophy。

bet365 live casino games In short，"Shengsheng" means understanding history as an endless life process。It is a process of life，must have its own purpose。But，The self -realization of the "absolute spirit" with Hegel will set the purpose in the present or the future，This purpose of Chinese philosophy is considered to have been realized at the beginning of history。So，Except the legalist，Zhuzi Baijia almost recognizes the concept of "the King of Fa"。Mu Zongsan summarized the causes of the pre -Qin dongs as "Zhou Wen's tiredness"，The preset here is Zhou Wen once "Yu Yu"。The sons Baijia's worries in the "tired" Zhou Wen，Under the ideas of Zhou Wen, the ideal "depression"，Put forward different solutions，and then achieved their respective academic。More accurate than Mu Zong San is the lecture in "Tube" "The Real Estate of the Fame，Jiu Yan "，This statement presets the beginning of human history is a kind of real state。This is here，The inherent logic of the entire human history can be understood as the various efforts and practices that regain the reality。Ouyang Xiu explained in the "New Tang Book": "From three generations to，Treatment of one，Elite and Le Da in the world; from three generations to the bottom，Treatment of two，and Lile and Music as a virtual name。"" This is considered to be ancient，The name of the ritual and music and the reality deputy，Later historical etiquette and music as a virtual name，Therefore, the inherent logic of history can be regarded as an ideal that pursues the reality，Then the process of returning to the three generations。

can be found，Chinese philosophy shows intelligent thinking in the understanding of historical concepts，Therefore, Feng Qi once said that the dialectic logic of ancient China was more developed。Western has developed mature dialectical logic since Hegel，But Hegel is still profoundly affected by the theory of concepts since Plato，From this to the opposite of Marx，Going to materialism theory。But，Western philosophy has also occurred in a split，Is it logical to determine history or history? The unity of history and logic cannot be fully implemented。On the other hand, Chinese philosophy，Unification of history and logic, that is, the name of the name is。Scholars Fang Yizhi in the late Ming Dynasty proposed: "There is real name，Uttrole is tangible, there is a shadow。Tiandi is both divided，The name of the object，Name of everything ... the name of the name，That is the few days of birth。"If you understand history as a process of life，Then the famous process of human names named for things is the logic of bet365 best casino games looking for history，Significant and famous means the true unity of history and logic。

　From the history of classical philosophy to the history of contemporary philosophy

The formation of Chinese philosophy is almost synchronized with the reflection of Chinese philosophy，The latter means the beginning of the writing of Chinese philosophy。Writing of the history of classical Chinese philosophy roughly two stages，One is the pre -Qin period，One is the Song and Ming dynasties。For the former，There are two types。

One is Confucian type，Represents "Xunzi · Fei Twelve Sons" as the representative。Its core essential is based on "the king of law" as the "general strategy"，Then "Fa Shun、Yu's System，Below Fa Zhongni、Before Xunzi，The saying of the twelve sons of the dividend "。From the perspective of Xunzi，The history of the sons should be ruled by the ideal type of the prior king and Confucius，The future history is also the return of this logic。Before Xunzi，According to the Analects of Confucius，Zigong answered the question from the "Zhongni Xue" of Wei Gongsun Chao，I summarized: "The Word of Culture and Military，Not falling in the ground，in people。Sages know their big，No wise man knows its little，There is no way of culture and martial arts。Do not learn? And what is the teacher?，The history of philosophy can be understood as the return of different degrees of this beginning，Confucius is a colleague，Completed a circle。

Another is Taoist type，Represents "Zhuangzi · Tianxia" as the representative。Among them, a explanation of the generation of Baijia learning: "There are many people in the world，Both of them must not be added! The so -called Taoist of the ancients，Fruit? Said: 乎 乎。"Zhuangzi tried to stand outside the schools to examine the origin and relationship of these doctrines，Think that the learning of Baijia is the product of "Taoism is the world crack"。Zhuangzi also proposed: "Dao Yin Yu Xiaocheng，Yan Yin Yu Ronghua，Therefore, there is Confucianism and ink, right and wrong，So it is not what it is, not what it is。"" This means that "ancient Taoism" or "Tao" as the beginning of philosophy is both the inherent basis of Baijia learning，Aloud beyond the study of Baijia，Is a eternal goal and power of the history of philosophy。This philosophical history structure of Taoism has sprouted in Laozi，Lao Tzu said: "After losing the way, virtue，Lost virtue and then benevolent，Loss of benevolence and then righteousness，Loss of righteousness and then gift。Fu Li，The head of loyalty and faithfulness。"If Germany、Ren、Yi、Li bet365 live casino games is regarded as the claims of each faction or the development of history，Then Lao Tzu’s philosophy history is also "Taoism is the world crack"。

The history of Chinese philosophy during the Song and Ming dynasties represented the "Confucian Confucian Case"。After the Song Dynasty，Confucian revival，From Han Yu to Zhu Xi，Fonentians gradually construct a "Taoism Theory"，I believe that the spirit of Confucianism is from Yao、Shun、Yu Yao Yao，Pass to Kong、Meng，Mencius lost thousands of years after Mencius，Later by a scientist inherited。Many books of scientific history in the Song and Ming dynasties, such as "Yiluo Yuan", "The Legend of the Sacred Sect" and "The Biography of Confucianism", are all written under the guidance of Taoism，It is inevitable that there is a portal。Huang Zongxi's "The Confucian Case" is different，He proposed: "The way of learning，Those who use it for their own use。Everyone leaning on the door，According to the gourd,，non -vulgar taxis，The business of the menstruation also。This editor is listed，There is a bias，There is the opposite theory，Scholars are different of them，It is appropriate to focus on the meeting，The so -called one and the same is also。"This can be regarded as a comprehensive two philosophical views of Confucianism and Taoism，Proposal (Sky、sex) is not an abstract entity，Therefore, the return of the road is just self -life，This is what Huang Zongxi said, "No body，Gongfu is here，is the ontology "。That is, the so -called "Sexual Day of Sexual Day"。If you understand the ontology as logic，Understand the work as history，This claim is actually transcending abstraction master，Requires to return to the true real real in the moment，Constructing the unity of history and logic in a way to eliminate logic。

The above analysis is the background，Back to the contemporary writing of the history of Chinese philosophy，You can propose the following principles: First，Should have historical concepts。The writing of Chinese philosophy from Chinese philosophy in modern times is not satisfactory mainly due to lack of correct historical concepts，The history of Chinese philosophy written from this is either just a combination of philosophical materials，Either falling into a certain irrelevant structure and staying away from the actual practice of the history of Chinese philosophy。Second，There should be a clear base consciousness。The history of Chinese philosophy is expanded in the name of "China"，The only way to keep the word "China" is to sort out and reflect on the history of Chinese philosophy from the Chinese philosophy of Chinese Bet365 lotto review philosophy。A word to cover it，The background of Chinese philosophy is the inherent logic of grasping history from life，Determination of the name of the name is，Name is name。third，Should continue the history of classical Chinese philosophy。On the basis of the two philosophy view of Ronghui Confucianism and Taoism，Pay attention to the context of the history of philosophy from the perspective of life logic，An identity and judgment of the authentic，Not ignored its so -called branch pulse，strive to make each philosophical theory get specific and real presentation。Fourth，It should be kept open。When we determine that the writing principle of the history of Chinese philosophy is to return to the reality from history and logic，Not only the history of Chinese philosophy has been established，also left space for accommodation and comprehensive Western philosophy。

　　(The author is an associate professor at the Chinese Institute of Modern Ideology and Culture and the Department of Philosophy of East China Normal University)