Questions about "Life of Heaven"，There are two more materials worthy of our review。The first material comes from "Historical Records of Heaven" Tai Shigong's language。The first sentence of opening the first sentence is: "Since the birth of the people in the first time，The Lord of the World Taste the Day, the moon? "And Confucius" On the Six Classics，Remember the difference and say it is not a book。To Heaven Destiny，No pass;，Not waiting to be promised;，Although I can't say "。in Taishi Gong，Confucius’s natural life problem is clearly related to astronomical issues。Tai Shigong took it down and explained the scoring system of classical astronomy，Record the context of "Ancient Drives" in the case。In the next paragraph，Tai Shigong's saying is quite Bet365 lotto review eye -catching，Because this involves the problem of heaven and man as a fundamental problem。Tai Shigong said: "Fu Tianyun，Thirty -year -old one small change，Middle changes in the century，Five hundred years of large changes; three major changes to one disci，Three Ji and Preparation: This is also a large number。Three and five for the country will be expensive。Each Chitose，Then renewed for the time of heaven and man。"(" Historical Records · Heavenly Guan Book ") The change of three or five refers to problems in the age of astronomical movement，From the perspective of Taishong，Only placed in the background of these astronomical movements，The boundary of "Time of Heaven and Man" can be renewed、Show。This explanation path is not the concept of speculative concept of Cheng Zhu Li or modern western schooling system。The second material comes from "Hanshu · Yi Wen Zhi": "Ceduer，Preface to four o'clock，Positive to the Festival，Five Stars of the Sun and Moon，Reality of the cold and summer killing。Therefore, the King of the Holy King must be positive，To set the three uniform color system，I also know the five -star Sun and Moon Meeting ... This sage knows fate。Non -World of the World，Its and 焉! "Here is also very clear，The technique of life is not other，is the formulation of the calendar、Four o'clock、Classical astronomy related to the movement of four -point to four to astronomical stars。"I don't know life，The "life" of no gentleman "can also be solved as the life of" knowing the destiny "，It is the mastery of classical astronomy。

The above materials remind us，You must not pay attention to the status of classical astronomy in classical philosophy and classical political philosophy，The focus of this attention is not in restoring the number of quotations and latitude that has appeared in history，Instead, we must figure out the time involved in the classical astronomy of the early days of civilization -how the spatial system is a large background impact and stipulates the later philosophical concept system。That is to say，The time involved here -the production of space is the core concern of our re -reading of classical astronomical content。Scholars during the Republic of China，For example, Gu Shi, the annotation of "Hanshu · Yi Wen Zhi"，I already think: "It is difficult to say from the ancient Shengzhe，and today's literature、Earth Literature is all Ming，The benefits of the person Bet365 lotto review who changes and the personnel is clear。"" "，Establishment of modern world images，First of all, starting with Copernicus's astronomical revolution。In this sense，The purpose of studying astronomy or classical astronomy is not only to restore or figure out content about history and other knowledge，and aimed at thinking，How can they fundamentally shape the generation and production of world images?

If we read the classic Confucian classic in accordance with the idea of ​​classical astronomy，You can find the internal contrast of the Six Classics、There are not a few echoes in front and back。For example，Zigong belongs to words door，Sexual and heaven issues are rarely heard，But when I ask the Moralmen Yan to ask for a problem for the state，The first one answered by Confucius is "when you are in summer"。Confucius' answers to different students are actually targeted at different political morality levels，The level of different political moral treatment problems is also different。The first answer to Yan Hui on the south of "can be south" is the problem of the calendar，Astronomical calendar problems belong to the content of German Men Tianxue should be able to talk about。We can also see，The first sentence of "Spring and Autumn", known for its micro -words, is "Spring，Wang Zhengyue "，It is also the first to start with a calendar。The most concentrated discussion about the problems of the experience is the first paragraph in the chapter of "The Analects of Confucius Yao Yue": "Er Shun，The number of days is in Er bow，Yun Zhi in it。Four Seas Thoughts Poor，Tianlu Yongli。"" The first part of "Shangshu" edited by Confucius，The most important content in the first part of "Yao Dian" is the calendar，That is the time system。From these materials，It is not difficult to see that among the six classics booked by Confucius，The question is how to "discern but not say"，Occupy important positions but not discussed on the bright side。This may be the characteristics of the rhetoric of "micro -words"。Different rhetoric characteristics correspond to problems at different levels，Different levels of problems correspond to different political morality。

The meaning of the meaning is，In the solution of this chapter，Zhu Zi's explanation is separated from the astronomical interpretation path of "Calendar"，and straightforward solution: "Calendar，columns also。"This statement comes from He Yan, Han Dynasty。bet365 Play online games Zhu Xi further explained in detail: "Calendar，The Emperor's successive order，The festival of Qiqi in the age of Judy also。"is obviously a copy of the saying of the five -expert" Five Virtues ".，Emphasized the legitimacy of the emperor from the destiny of the five experts，But but stripped the actual astronomy、Calendar content。Different interpretation direction，It is the different levels of Confucius production and the boundary of the "regardless of" and "no discussion" in Confucius。The problem is not the explanation of the specific problem, right or wrong，and whether these explanations are in the appropriate logical position，In what sense, the boundary of Confucius was transferred。

According to the view of the late literary history, Mr. Jin Jingfang's opinion，There are three most important events in Chinese traditional culture: one is Yao Zetian，Two for Yu Yixi，Three for Yao Shun Yu's "Yun Shi"。Yao Calenda Calendar，ranked first。The evaluation of Yao in "The Analects" is: "Big! Yao Zhi is Junye。Towery! Wei Tian is big，Wei Yao Zezhi。Swing! People are incompetent。Towery! It is successful。Huanhu，It has an article。"What is the" sky "of Yao's" heaven "? What kind of heaven and man relationship does Yao establish? Is it the same as the" sky "in the heaven and man relationship discussed by our modern people? The interpretation of these issues also has the difference between the route of Song Ru and the Han Confucianism。The key to understanding this problem is to go back to "Shang Shu"，See what job did Yao do。

Yao's first mention of the work is "the Calendar"。According to Mr. Jin Jingfang's research，Emperor Yao before，Especially when the Yellow Emperor，It is used in Huoli，That is to determine the season of agricultural production by observing the operating rules of the Big Mars (Heart History 2)。In addition，More useful use calendars，That is to observe the operation of the four o'clock in accordance。One year is likely to be the spring and autumn seasons without knowing winter and summer。As for the concept of the year、Four o'clock concept、The concept of 365 days a year、The concept of the leap month，According to existing historical materials，It is likely that it is not available。Transfer from simple observation stars to observation day、month、Stars，Generally starting at 颛顼、Director of Emperor。There is a famous "Jedi Tiantong" incident。Formally established a new calendar method bet365 live casino games based on observation of the rules of the sun and the moon，is in the age of Yao。That is in "Yao Dian" said: "Nai Ling and，Qin Ruo Haotian，Calendar, Sun, Moon Star，When I am awarded people。"" Calendar and astronomy have always occupied an important position in the literature，The main political achievements of the ancient five emperors recorded in "Dai Dai Li · Yu Dade" basically include observation astronomy、The content of the production calendar。What worthy of our attention is，This record after Yao is relatively less。Yao's "Calendar Calendar" work is likely to laid the main methods and frameworks of the future yin and yang calendar。After the new yin and yang calendar is generated，According to the principle of "not the courtesy"，Mainly use it above the class of scholars，and the old Huo calendar did not disappear，"People only star"，The people are still mainly observing the Great Mars。

Through the work of the work，Yao Ze's days are not exactly the original as an absolute external authority，But there is a layer of meaning -this day is the natural day where people can "know"。People are knowing the sun、The relationship between the moon and the two in operation to determine the time system。Such a system will not be directly revealed by an external God，but people know the operation of nature、Cooperate with God through production，The process of knowing the production is also the process of people knowing their own "destiny"。Here，Destiny has a richer level，Nothing abandon the old external authority，You can also make it through people's knowledge，This richness provides a basic concept space for future generations to explain the concept of destiny。It can be said that the sky at this time is the plural "sky"，but，There is no plural grammar in ancient Chinese，The connotation of the plurality is still wrapped by a single "sky" appearance。The heaven that came from Yao Zetian，It is easy to be understood as a "material" meaning，or the sky in the sense of materialism。This slightly dogmatic conceptual expression of modern philosophy may cover up an important decision on time in classical philosophy。Here，God of God's World，Turned to the sky that is closely related to four o'clock，Turning to Confucius said "Four Oshi 焉 焉，"Sky"。Confucius's choice on the issue of the sky is complex and rich。In this sense,，"The change of the concept of the Yao era is the epoch -making era，It affects Bet365 app download people’s socio -economic life，Also related to people's ideology "(Jin Jingfang's" New Solution of Yao Dian ")。Mr. Jin further thinks，"Both Confucianism and Taoism means that heaven is nature，Both advocate that it is heaven or Fa Tian。Obviously they are inspired by the calendar "。Look at the problem from the day of nature，Behind the nature of the ancient Greek philosopher、Absolutely external concept of creative masterpieces is completely different。It can be said，The foundation of the Yao Shun era、The basic model of the heavenly man relationship set by Confucius is the basis for constituting different quality of Chinese and Western civilization。Chinese traditional philosophy often does not discuss whether an external entity that is absolutely different from the existing world，But it is undeniable that in the pre -Qin era and before，The sky is still unquestionable that it is transcendence over people。Therefore，Jin Jingfang thinks，Even if you talk about "the unity of heaven and man"，Over the present，Only Confucius can be done。Since the production of Confucius，"Ziwu" and "Sacrifice the Gods as God" coexist at the same time，But "outside Liuhe，The tradition of the sage's existence regardless of "has become the boundary of the exploration that is commonly recognized，This tradition is easier to establish a human (benevolent) -centric system design，But this kind of human -based humanism is still not modern people。

Arrangement of the first part of "Yao Dian"，It is not difficult to read the tendency of Confucius made。This tendency is about the Confucius in "The Analects" about heaven、The expression of Tianming can be combined with each other。"Mandarin · Chu Language" "Nai Nangzheng Chong Sitian belongs to God，Destiny Fire Zhengli Di Di Di to the People "is hard to say that it is the" material "in the sense of" material "，To "Shang Shu" "Qin Ruo Haotian"、In the Analects of Confucius, "Wei Tian is big，Wei Yao Zezhi "、"Tianxingjian" in "Yi Chuan"，The "sky" in these Confucian scriptures is understood by Mr. Jin Jingfang as "the sky said in the calendar"。That is to say，Calendar or classical time issues constitute the basis of understanding "Yi"，It is also understanding the common foundation of Confucianism and Taoism。But at the same time, the Mo family criticized Confucianism: "Confucianism is unknown，Taking ghosts as God。"" From the perspective of Moho，Confucian "Tian" Bet365 app download and "Ghost、God "is too" human "to taste，Lack of absolute external authority。In the complexity of the history of "sky"，We can see，The "three generations of profit and loss" principles advocated by Confucius Confucius, the saint of Confucian Scriptures, are in the classics。Another problem related to the issue of the system is Yao "Ze Tian Administrative"，that is, the Shuo Zheng system based on calendar becomes a mature political system。"The emperor was awarded to the princes，The ancestral temple of the princes Tibetan。To Shuo Chao in Temple，What to be affected。"(" Zhou Li · Chun Guan "Zheng Xuanzhu) We can see，Classical time system is the basis of classical political philosophy。Like Shuo Zheng，Problems with classical astronomy as well as the problem of sacrifice。If you have the background of this classical astronomy，It is not difficult to understand what Confucius said, "Knowing that the speakers are in the world，It is shown to Zhu Si! Refers to the palm "。This can be seen，The key to understanding Chinese classical political philosophy and time philosophy is in classical celestial literature，Understanding the first task of the heavens in Confucian classics — the first task of the triple structure of human beings is also understanding the meaning of classical astronomy in the overall production of Confucianism。

　　(Author is an associate professor at the School of Humanities, Sichuan Academy of Fine Arts)