Qing Dynasty，During the war of war, it is often the household department of the central government、Bing Department、Director of the Ministry of Industry and local provinces、The Secretary of the Administrative Envoy forms a temporary institutional manager。These wartime troops need to supply agencies based on the normal logistics supply system，To deploy troops in the front line、Provide ration equipment。Grain Table as the main institution among them，Destiny time、Set the area wide，Complex properties、Diverse functions，It is a powerful guarantee for providing military replenishment during the war，It is also an effective means to strengthen the governance of the frontier。

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Evolution of the Grain Table of the Qing Dynasty，It can be divided into two stages according to its nature，That is the traditional grain platform period from the early Qing Dynasty to the same period、The modern grain platform after the rise of the Hunan army to the end of the Qing Dynasty。

During the Shunzhi period，The Qing court set up a division department in the use of the military area，Manager collection、Mintun、Bingma、Book Fold、Qianliang、Check the calculation and other affairs，Set Datong、Xuanfu、Daizhou、Ningxia、Hanzhong、Zhejiang、Tianjin、Yizhou、Shanyong、Sichuan Han、Thistle secret、Gansu、Yansui、Tongchang Division。Shunzhi eight years (1651) to 12 years，Divisions of various places have been revoked one after another，The right to supply and bless the military demand to the Governor and Money and Grain Road。Kangyong period，Storage of grain and crickets when the station and fighting are raised、Dial、Distribution，At that time, the Mongolian Five Road Station and the Northwest Military Station were "transported with stool cars" ("Draft of the Qing Dynasty" Volume 141 "Bingzhi 12")。Because not all posts at that time, the army needs，Therefore, whether it has the function of grain and cricket transportation, it needs to be combined with specific circumstances。

Qianlong Da Xing Military Affairs，The demand for the transfer of grain and crickets is intensified，Agency with the meaning of "grain platform" begins to appear，Initially, there are different calls，"Food and Transport Station Station", "Food and Military Station", "Ji Dao Terrace Station", "Station Food Transport", "Military Grain Mansion" and so on。In the forty -first year of Qianlong (1776)，"Example of the Military Bet365 app download Demand of the Ministry of Industry of the Ministry of Military Affairs of the Ministry of Households"，Determine a grain officer of each grain table (later also known as food、Member of Food Council)。After that，Grain Table gradually separated from the station and exists independently，The name of "Grain Table" is fixed，The special name for becoming a supply agency in the war army。After Jiadao，Grain platform setting area is southwest、Northwest and other frontier areas gradually extend to the mainland and the southeast coastal areas。For example，The Jiaqing period is to suppress the Bai Lian religion and be in Hubei、Sichuan、Establishment of grain platforms in states and counties in Shaanxi; during the Opium War period，Qing court in Guangdong、Su、Zhejiang、Establishment of grain platforms in Fujian and Shanhaiguan。Out of consideration of combat costs，Grain Terrace is designed for war，Visit the after -after after the battle。

During the same year，The Rise of the Hunan Army，Zeng Guofan Collection of military rights、Rights and human rights in one body，The grain platform that is in the core position in the logistics agency is transferred from its control。Zeng Guofan transformed the traditional grain platform，Set up Nanchang Lutu Road and Anqing Grain Table。With the development of the brave camp system，Xiang Army、Huaijun set up permanent grain tables，Ru Jinling General Grain Table of the Hunan Army、Huai Army's Zhili Grain Table。These measures make the grain platform out of control to a certain extent，Become the "General Exchange of Requesting and Sending and receiving" directly controlled by the united soldiers under the brave camp system。End of the Qing Dynasty，With the emergence of modern weapons and transportation，Logistics need to supply new content，The Grain Table System has gradually transformed from tradition to modern。After the Sino -Japanese War，Yuan Shikai introduced the modern military station system，Grain Terrace is replaced by the military station，Formally withdraw from the historical stage。

　　The organizational form and function of the grain platform

The Grain Terrace of the Qing Dynasty was generated due to the needs of large -scale internal and external war，and accompanied by the years of military affairs activities, mature。So，The construction is continuously improved，Functions repeatedly adjusted，There is also a change in nature。

Kangyong period，Logistics supply during the war of the Qing Dynasty was raised by the post station or a temporary station。Each set of management posts、Fangwen writing post style、Zhang Jing may urge one member，Jointly handle the revenue and bet365 Play online games expenditure of grain、Military Daily Transmission and other affairs。During the Qianlong period, the grain platform became an independent institution，and derive the military general bureau。It is in Southwest、Northwest、Establish three mature military food supply lines in the Central South China: start with Chengdu as the beginning、Lhasa is the end of the Sichuan Tibet; starting from Suzhou、Turn to Hami，Then deepen the Ganxin Line in the southern Xinjiang; distributed in the central and southern lines of the Yangtze River Basin and radiate the Xiangchuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Yunnan and other places。Grain platforms are usually according to the size of the grain platform，Guardian by the province of the soldiers、administration、According to the members of the Gate or Zhizhou、Tongjia and reasonable。

During the Jiadao years，The grain platform system has been basically set，Gradually formed the General Administration of Militance (or Total Grain Channel)、Divided Grain Table (or Grain Table Branch Affairs Bureau、Before and after Road Grain Terrace) and the three -level organization of the Fanchang Grain Table (or Camp Grain Table)。The General Administration of Military Demand Before the war，After the war coordinating the textbooks of various grains，Huizhong Nuclear Sale。Grain Tables are located between the total grain platform and the front line barracks，Responsible for summarizing the needs of the army，and transfer it to each of the Fansai Grain Table。Following Camp Grain Tables are located in the barracks，View Camp is advance，To help us at any time。Total Grain Table、The administrative level of the grain platform and the follow -up grain platform decreases in turn，Set the area according to the battlefield orientation corresponding to the prefecture (Dao)、State、County and other traffic convenience、Grain Mi Rich Land; at the same time，Organization size、How much personnel and the level of people and economic management officials are also matched correspondingly with the administrative level of grain platform。Generally speaking，Military Ensable Administration by Governor Manager，Division of Grain Tables by Fan Governor and Governor，Following the Camp Grain Terrace appointed Knowledge of the nearby county、Tongjia handle。Regardless of copywriting，Zeng Guofan adjusted the organizational structure of the grain platform，Appoint the Prime Minister Affairs to fully manage the operation of the grain platform，Eight divisions under the grain platform，Regardless of copywriting、Silver Money、Equipment、Information、Buy all things; add transfer bureaus under the total grain bet365 live casino games platform，Military supplies responsible for raising the raised need to be transported to the grain table。During this period，Zeng Guofan created a long -time husband，Set up a special logistical personnel is responsible for military camp miscellaneous，Makes the duties of grain personnel clearer，Improving the efficiency of work。

The functions of the food platform are also constantly evolving and complete。In summary，Grain platform has transportation、allocation、Guard、Storage、Five basic functions of nuclear sales。Transportation as the primary job director of the grain platform，The most expensive expense in the food platform、Time to spend the longest、The most responsible、Duanxu's most complicated task。Prime Minister Food and Transport Officials with Leaders、Webmid Zhang Jing、Starts、Bing Ding and the craftsmanship formed a logistics supply team，Move forward according to the station。Transportation methods are divided into government and business long luck and roll -ups of stations，Transportation content is roughly divided into grain silver、Three categories of equipment and logistics debris。The purpose of military transportation is to allocate，The second largest division of the grain platform is to timely bind the frontline officers and soldiers in a timely manner、Civil servants with the camp and various logistics staff of the grain platform。Minfu Yunyun register for the number of grains with "warehouse collection"、The station of the bank，Military demand is successively shipped one after another，Grain officers need to check the name with this，Registration and receiving without errors，Give the price to the people at the same time，迨 迨 to the station，It is necessary to allocate the grain and straw material for the seal of the officers and soldiers。other，Also need to support the officials and craftsmen in Taiwan on time in accordance with the cash grains。Except transportation and distribution，Storage functions are also very critical，Grain Tables need to reserve a part of the grain and arms officers and soldiers、Usage of the husband and the people，Free Temporary Week Chapter。So，The safety of the grain platform is extremely important，The Grain Taichung in the Qing Dynasty was always equipped with a resident team，Responsible guard、Protection、patrol，It plays a role in maintaining the stability of the grain platform and its nearby regions。other，Grain workers need to be responsible for the revenue and expenditure of various military needs of the grain platform、Registration、Nuclear sales and other copywriting affairs。Generally speaking，bet365 best casino games Military expense reimbursement in the war is a combination of war reporting and post -war reimbursement，The revenue and expenditure of the manager Qian Grain Materials is responsible for the manager，Register and register; after the war, the grain platform will be transferred to the general Bureau for the general Bureau for the General Administration after the war，Report check。

　The characteristics and role of the grain platform

Examination of issues such as the development and evolution of the Qing Dynasty grain platform and its functions，We can summarize three characteristics。First，The Qing Dynasty Grain Table has undergone a process of transition from temporary construction to permanent military logistics agencies。In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, due to strategic changes、War process、Consultation of the cost of war，Frequent warfare is dismissed when the war is over。Sali after the same，The scope of the duties of grain platform gradually expands，Including pre -war raising、During the war to lose supply and expenses、After the war after war, the nuclear sales，Always through the entire military activity，Gradually a permanent permanent agency。2，The power system of the grain platform after Xiantong gradually moved from the central government to the hands of local unified soldiers。It is mainly reflected in: personnel settings，The big member of the Grain Terrace Management Office changed from the Central Committee to coach appointment，Its defense soldiers Ding from Eight Banner Green Camp to recruit camp，Should be transformed from hiring villagers to a fixed man;，From the central centralized deployment to local generals。third，Grain table sets a wide range of regions。There is a Qing Dynasty grain platform，Not only is it set in Mongolia、Xinjiang、Tibet and other frontier areas，Like E、Xiang、Sichuan、Shaanxi、Dian、Qian、Su、Zhejiang、Fujian、Yue、Gan、Taiwan and other provinces also set up。

Grain Table has an impact and role that cannot be ignored in the history of the Qing Dynasty。First，Grain Table is responsible for deploying the army in the war，Ensure that the food and the army will lose endlessly，Ensure that the food and the army will lose endlessly，provided a strong military logistics support for the rebellion of the rebellion。Pinity of grain is the key and confidence of the victory in military operations，The initial function of the grain platform is to provide food and grass equipment for combat officers and soldiers，Its deployment force、Supply is the basic guarantee for the smooth operation of the army。At the same time，Grain Tables are mostly distributed in the place where traffic bet365 live casino games throats，Post on the post、Taiwan、Tang、Sicks before and after the flood、Echo left and right、mutual support，The changes in the surrounding areas can be incorporated into the national military information network in time，strongly guaranteed the safety of the transportation line and the area along the way，Make "above the decision -making temple，Winning thousands of miles away "(" Pingzhi Shuo Mo Fang "Volume 43，Kangxi 36th April Renshen) became possible。

Second，Extension of the functions of the grain platform，Grain platforms in some frontier areas are gradually by civilian official managers in the mainland state and county，Make it with some local administrative functions，Auxiliary agency of becoming the border governance of the Qing Dynasty。Take the Kang District Grain Terrace between Sichuan and Tibet as an example，Since the six years of Yongzheng (1728)，The Qing court successively went to the pond west of the arrow furnace、Batang、Chamu Duo、Larry sent food committee members，Manager Grain Table。Under the situation of not in the state and counties of Kang District，These food members have become the first appointed officer appointed by the Qing court。In addition to the supply of military demand，Kang District Grain Terrace also derived the function of "Tucaler under the jurisdiction"，Food Commissioners are given to support money、Regulatory place、Appoint the duties of Tu Guan and the school to read the Turkish soldiers，Make the Kang District society formed a pattern of "soil flow governance"。So，Kang District Grain Terrace is no longer a pure military logistics agency，At least it becomes another power center that is coexisting with the toast，To a certain extent, it has played a role in strengthening the governance of the border ethnic region at a relatively small cost。

Last，The setting of the grain platform promotes the development of local grain storage field activities，Promoting the interaction between economic and trade exchanges and cultural interactions in various places，Enhanced the integration of exchanges between multi -ethnic people。To ensure the stability of grain storage and saving costs，The Qing court dial to the production information、Provide residences and other methods to recruit and encourage the mainland people to come to the area where the grain platform is located for reclamation and cultivation，Objectively enhance the communication and integration of farming culture and local culture。At the same time，Organize trade activities with grain platforms，Open rice noodles，Open rice noodles、Tea、grass beans、Chai Carbon and other shops for its business，Covering the Bet365 app download shed factory for merchants、Divine Residence，Not only facilitates the military camp officers and soldiers to buy materials，and make the surrounding areas of grain platforms a place for various groups of people and circulation，Promoting the formation of rural settlements。

Overall，The grain platform in the Qing Dynasty has generally experienced Kang Yong's time from the station station and reasonable、Qianlong first saw the prototype、Garrine officially set、After the same time, the evolution process of the self -raising of each army。Grain Terrace is designed for war，Set in the early Qing Dynasty in the northwest、Southwest and other border provinces and even vanity areas，In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, it is generally seen in the southeast coast and the mainland of the Central Plains，Have transportation、allocation、Guard、Storage、Five basic functions for selling five basic functions。So，Grain Terrace was not only the core institution of the Qing Dynasty providing military logistics during the war，and is a grass -roots organization that strengthens the governance of the frontier and promotes the communication between various nations。

　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "The Research on Border and Border Political Affairs of the Qing Dynasty in the first half of the 19th century" (22&ZD231) Staged results)

(The author is a professor at the Institute of Qing History of Renmin University of China; PhD in the Institute of Qing History of Renmin University of China)