The so -called American "Civil Rights Unionism"，Refers、Left (including the Communist Party of China) and the combination of the black people's power, the early civil rights movement。At that time，Blacks American and White Aids have joined the huge labor movement，Lien the struggle against racial discrimination with thorough criticism of economic injustice。"Red and Black Alliance" is rooted in the worker community in southern and northern parts of the United States，A strong momentum was formed during World War II，But after the war, it was declining due to the Cold War。Many scholars regard the "Civilian Trade Union Unionism" as the first stage of the American Modern Civil Rights Movement，Pioneer or origin of not civil rights movement。

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The 1930s，The social structure of black American blacks presents increasing urbanization、Features of proletariat，​​The era of civil rights movement actually started at that time。Black population that originally mainly based on rural and small towns in the south，It will soon be transformed into one of the most significant groups of urbanization in all major communities.。40s，More than 2 million blacks immigrate to the industrial zone in northern and western United States，More than 1 million black people migrated from the southern farm to the southern city。In a transformation of the population structure of new opportunities for radicalism,，Blacks in the United States from a group with rural and agricultural population，It has become a group with urban and industrial population。Black people in the south have poured into the city，Filled the plane、Shipbuilding、Iron、Military Fire、Employment positions of explosives and automotive industry。1940-1950，The black population in New York increased by 62%，Detroit increases 100%，Chicago increased by 80%，Los Angeles increased by 116%，Cleveland increased by 76%，Auckland in California increased by 292%。Million blacks joined the union with the union with the "Industry Federation" bet365 live casino games alliance，Pioneer power to change American racial relations。

At that time，The United States Labor Federation (hereinafter referred to as the "Labor Federation") adopts racial isolation strategy，Rejection black。This gives the management the opportunity to provoke racial opposition，To continue to squeeze white workers。For example，When the "Labor Union" organizes white workers' strike，Capitalists can hire black workers to resist strike。"Products Federation" from the "Labor Federation" in 1935，Strikes for the interests of all workers，Organize the major affiliated trade unions of the majority of the NPC Trade Union，Leading African Americans in politics、Civil rights struggle at the economic level，In fact, this is also to ensure the interests of white workers。This is an important reason for the rise of the early American civil rights movement。The labor policy implemented by President Roosevelt during the New Deal period is more friendly to trade unions，Guarantee the interests of workers，Moso social contradictions，Generally, it provides a good external environment for the development of the Civil Rights Trade Union Alliance。

In short，The rise of the US Trade Union and the evolution of the Labor Legal Legal Labor Legal Legal in the United States，Provides black people in the working class with an economic and political opportunity，enable them to legalize their requirements，and caused a extensive struggle。

　Close combination of racial struggle and labor struggle

"Civil Rights Trade Unionism" represents workers、Trade Union、Leftist、Civil rights activist、Progressive new Democrats and some blacks and white radicals that are connected to the Communist Party of the United States。This is a national sports，Among them, the southern power of active participation。Auto factory in Detroit、Memphis's cotton weaving factory、Pittsburgh and Birmingham's Iron and Steel Factory、Baltimore's Shipyard，and Lisan、Charston and Winston -Sales of Tobacco Factory，Organization of the Communist Party of China and the "Industry Federation" Audit union and the mobilization of black workers，Make civil rights a problem that cannot be ignored by the leader of the trade union and being ignored by white managers or government bet365 live casino games officials。Many leaders、Activities and organizations belong to the category of "Civil Rights Trade Union Unionism"，The most typical is the event carried out by the "National Black Conference"。

"National Black Conference" is a conference on the basis of a meeting of black economic status in May 1935 at。Its main purpose is not to form a specific program or ideology，but to launch a unified movement that promotes racial progress。In the first few years of the establishment of the "National Black Conference"，It carried out some effective job at the local level。Established a regional council composed of representatives of the conference affiliated organization in about 70 cities，These institutions often launch heroic struggles。Towel nationwide，The local committee of the "National Black Conference" has devoted themselves to various careers。The most famous event is to form an alliance with the "Industry Federation" in the late 1930s，Investment in the struggle of the organizer of the organizational steel workers，Carried out a strong steel worker organization movement。This represents the most eye -catching cooperation between the "National Black Conference" and the union。From the beginning，"National Black Conference" strongly support the labor movement，and are committed to letting black workers join the union。The main method is to abolish the restrictions of race as a member of the union，Efforts to incorporate the black people into the labor movement。

There are many examples of this civil rights trade union alliance.。For example，The Communist Party of the United States in Memphis City, Tennessee is to fight for better working conditions，Wide struggle for organizational workers and the civil rights of blacks in the city。The 1930s，The Communist Party of the United States has successfully obtained some support among workers who have unemployed due to the Great Depression。By the early 1940s，Their influence has been expanded to workers along the Mississippi coast。The biggest success of Memphis’s Communist is cooperation with the "Industry Federation"，A radical trade union organization has been established locally，The leader of the union is a powerful American black leader。The Communist Party encourages trade unions to play a positive role Bet365 app download in continuous development of civil rights struggle and political process。The leader of the union is a powerful American black leader。until 1948，Memphis’s Communists have become a local strong force。Another example，Detroit Automobile Workers' Federation, which belongs to the "Federation of Industry", is the most important local labor organization，Blacks are constantly recruited。Lu Ri became the center of the Communist Party in Detoic forces，Alternative traditions in the local area。After 1941，The Communist Party of the United States mainly recruit members among black people。to the end of the 40s，recruited 450 workers，Almost half from the casting plant。1948，A black Communist Party member was elected as the vice chairman of the local labor organization。The influence of the Communist Party in black workers mainly depends on the party's identity on civil rights issues，Many blacks regard the Communist's casting plant as a radical organization。Because there are 100,000 black labor workers, they get a good organization in Detroit，Detroit's Black Workers' Association activists played a positive role in the struggle of civil rights。Volkswagen unity in black society has even changed the traditional civil rights organization，If the National Colorful Human Race Association and the Urban Alliance have become more radical。

Obviously，The main feature of "Civil Rights Trade Unionism" is the close combination of racial struggle and labor struggle。"Industry Federation" and the leadership of the Communist Party of China strive to contact black workers，Leading blacks to economy、Political civil rights struggle。Economically，"Industry Federation" and the United States Communist Party do their best，Leading Black and Managers for labor struggle，Help black people resist class exploitation; left -wing unions seek higher economic treatment and more technical jobs for blacks。Politically，"Industry Federation" and the Communist Party of the United States first broke the tradition of racial isolation，Let the blacks act as a leader in local affiliated unions，enable blacks to get more rights and interests in the union。The subordinates of the "Industry Federation" actively encourage blacks to participate in political activities，Practice the bet365 live casino games right to vote; help blacks carry out civil rights legislation，Eliminate prejudice to African Americans at the legal level。"Products Federation" and the Communist Party of the United States leading blacks at multiple levels to fight civil rights，provided a solid force for the break of the racial isolation policy，Successfully promoted the development of the early civil rights movement。

internationalism and left labor feminism are two key factors of this extensive social change。U.S. black activists take the lead in linking the persecution of the Nazis to Jews with racism in the United States。Similarly，The black worker class obtains strength from the world's anti -colonial struggle，and regard their struggle as part of the international free struggle。

"Civil Rights Trade Union Unionism" has also established a strong connection with the feminism of the left labor。The latter is a extensive exercise，It found the best spokesperson in the international leftist movement，Ru Dia Jones、Este Curob、He Monida Smith, etc.。These left -school female leaders have clarified the black women because of race、Class and Gender Through the Three -Stress Thought，Far -influence。

　The road of black people is still very long

In the late 1940s，The increasingly severe cold war situation has caused great damage to the early American civil rights movement，A radical American blacks are forced to scream，Mild civil rights liberals are also intimidated。This makes civilian activists almost lose the support of radical allies in the labor movement，completely destroy the civil rights movement based on labor。

The situation of continuous worsening Cold War，Poisoning the political environment that once bred the right of black American rights。1948 Presidential Election Movement seriously divided the US Labor Movement，and accelerate the steps down from the left in the "Industry Union"。Although the proportion of the United States Communist Party members in the "Federation of Industry" is less than 1%，But they have held important leadership positions。1949，"Federation of Industry" forbids the US Communist Party members as the leadership of the employee union。1949 and 1950，"Industry Federation" expels 11 influential unions led by the Communist bet365 Play online games Party of China，and established the hostile union，To deprive their membership qualifications。Black labor radicals for 10 years decline，Seriously destroyed the civil rights movement based on labor。

The early civil rights movement originally provided a good opportunity for the development of the free free struggle。At that time, the economic situation of high salary and high employment rate、The rapidly developing union、Strong federal intervention，Given a strong confidence in the black worker class，Established a framework for the development of the civil rights movement，The issue of civil rights has reached a national orgasm in politics。At this time, the civil rights movement is the American black protest group、Left -wing pastor、The union led by the Communist Party and the main activity areas of the front line organization，It has become a significant feature of American liberalism，Welcome to many people。But，Despite these achievements，"Civil Rights Trade Union Unionism" still failed to give full play to its potential。In the early Cold War，The narrowing of public discourse space has led to the failure of the civil rights movement，The growing external pressure brings adverse effects to the "People's Front" alliance。At the same time，Due to the containment of the union movement，Black activists have lost the political and social space necessary for independent struggles。For 10 years，Civil Rights Movement has always fallen into a trough。The collapse of the "Civil Rights Trade Union Alliance" has covered a layer of shadow on the black movement of the second half of the 20th century。The disintegration of the early civil rights movement makes the civil rights struggle in the 1960s with different social properties and political agenda，Its goal is mainly political equality rather than economic rights，And this will ultimately prove that it cannot cope with the huge social problems in front of it，Especially the problem of black poverty。

Although the early American civil rights movement was broken due to the pressure of the Cold War，But its radicalism is still retained through various forms，and passed to the younger generation of aggressive generations。Martyr leaders of Martin Luther King are deeply influenced by left black leaders such as Dubois，"Student Non -Violent bet365 live casino games Coordination Committee" and "Black Panther Party" and other younger radical organizations eventually inherited the goals of the early civil rights movement pursuing economic struggle，Carried out a series of sports similar to the Civil Rights Trade Union Alliance。but，Because the goal they pursue is radical economic equality，Failure to get support from the federal government and white liberals，These movements basically end in failure，The road to fighting for freedom is still very long。

　　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Fund "History of American Civil Rights Movement" (22&ZD252) Pharmaceutical results)

(Author is an associate professor at the School of History of the Capital Normal University)