Ming and Qing Dynasties，Enter China in large quantities of out -of -domain spices，Promoting new species、Cultivation and circulation of new products，It constitutes a new technology、The generation and dissemination of new knowledge，shows a new world -wide cultural landscape。

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Ming and Qing Dynasties，Introduction and planting of foreign spices，On the one hand, continue to expand the scale，On the other hand, constantly try to introduce new products from outside the territory for cultivation。Combined with the records of "Daming Ceremony", "East and West Exams", "Xiangcheng" and "Related City Log"，The spices entering China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties mainly include: Agarwood、Honolin、Lilac、Mu Xiang、Fragrant、Anxiang、、Su Hexiang、Franm、A Wei、Blood exhaustion、No medicine、No stone、Dafengzi、Pepper、荜茇、White Cardamom、Nutmem、Su Mu, etc.。Analysis of the characteristics of botanical characteristics，These external spices are tropical、subtropical flower and trees，It requires higher temperature and sufficient precipitation to grow smoothly。Comprehensive climatic characteristics of all regions of my country，Only Hainan、Guangdong and Guangxi、Yunnan and Guizhou、Sichuan、Some areas of Fujian meet the conditions for quotation。

Fang Zhizhong in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Snowfall in tropical areas in offshore plane、Fall Cream、Frozen records are as high as hundreds。Hainan without frosting all year round，In the 16th to 19th centuries, there were as many as 25 frost damage，Even Wanning, located in the southeast of the island, also showed snowfall weather。Zhengde's "Qiongtai Zhi" Volume 41 "Disaster" record，In the first year bet365 best casino games of Zhengde (1506)，"Winter，Wanzhou rain and snow "; Kangxi's" Wanzhou Zhi "Volume 1" Ji Ji "also contains，Chongzhen Nine years (1636) December，"Dahan，Wooden leaves withered "。other，"Drought", "Summer Drought", "Drought Drought and Rain" and other words are frequently seen in Fang Zhizhong in Lingnan。The arrival of the small ice period not only shrinks significantly in suitable areas that are not wide，and snowfall、Frequent occurrence of frost and droughts makes the cultivation of foreign spices facing great challenges in China。

Compared with the records of Ming and Qing Dynasties' books on the cultivation of local spices in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, we can know，"Materia Medica Hui Essence" in 1505 transfers the records in the "Materia Medica Classic" in the Northern Song Dynasty's Su Song;，Added Li Shizhen for the fragrance of grass、Pepper、New observation of the planting of the native local area; "The original grass" published in 1612 is based on "today" as the main purpose，Local specifications of various types of spices，Ru 荜茇 "State Persian State"，"Today's Lingnan is there"; Lilac "starts to live、Guang、South Fan，Today, Guangzhou has it "; Kirin exhausts" Both of the nations in the south and Guangzhou "。Writing differences in the three works，Not only reflects the twists and turns of out -of -domain spices under the adaptation of Chinese terroir under the climate change，We can also see from it，During the Wanli years，The local planting of foreign spices has made prominent progress。But combined with the cold and cold period of the Xiaobing period of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，From the end of Jiajing to the end of Wanli, it coincides with the warmth period，The short -term warming of the climate has won time for the improvement and cultivation technology of foreign spices。The cold period of followed，Delayed and restricted the process and scale Bet365 app download of the local quotation of foreign spices。But with the continuous exploration and improvement of plant cultivation technology in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Even in the coldest 1650-1700 years，Agarwood、Honolin、Pepper、The local planting of many spices such as white cardamom and other spices has never been cut off，Fang Zhi in the Lingnan area began to incorporate these spices from outside the territory into the "local production" volume。

　　Local processing of foreign spices

After entering China in a large amount of out -of -domain spices，Most of them have not been used directly，Instead, it must be made through the process，To achieve the purpose of increasing efficiency and poisoning。As far as the method of making the process，Various ways，The process is simple and different。For example，Milky fragrance only needs to be "light under the water bowl，Naturally,。or bake it on the fire on the fire "; while the sandalwood is" must pick the true person 剉 剉，Slow fire fry，Ordering smoke，Purple broken stige is stop "，or "Small Film，La Tea Clear Apartum，Control the roasting，Mix with honey wine，Soaked，Slow fire dry "，The process is extremely complicated，and very strict requirements on the heat，"It is difficult to find the effect if it is less，Too much sexual anti -loss "，and the changes in air, cold and cold, and dry and humidity have strengthened this process。

If you want to make all kinds of synthetic and pharmaceuticals，Then you need to grind single -flavors、Compatibility。About "Tamping incense"，"Xiang Cheng" Volume 13 "Xiangxu Yu" said: "Too detailed cigarettes，Too rough, then qi，If Ice Musk、Boli、nitric，。"" The compatibility is also quite particular，Not only must you consider the different effects of various types of spices，Clearly understand the "Xiangxing and Feelings and Evil" of the spices，Also coordinate their respective flavor，It is bet365 Play online games necessary to "make Zhongxiangxian as one"，It also needs to make it "unsatisfactory odor"。At the same time，Due to many spices, it is quite sensitive to changes in air temperature and humidity，such as "Ice musk bogey summer，Bo Delu avoids dampness "，and modulate Hexiang、Preparation of medicinal agents requires extremely high wetness and wetness of the spice，"Wet Those Easy He，Dry people are difficult to adjust;，Two Those who are serious "，Therefore, people summarized the incense for different spices、Method of Xiangxiang。

With the increasing maturity of incense technology，The continuous development of the court and the folk incense industry。Ming and Qing court incense for incense，Very good quality。For example，During the Jiajing period，"World Temple Pillow Top Fragrance" that is popular inside and outside the palace，is the incense of the stack、Honolin、Huoxiang、Lilac、Agarwood、Bai Yan and other twenty -four flavors are the last，"Five dollars with white 芨，More than a thousand pests "，Made after Yin Gan。During the Guangxu period，Sandalwood、Cao Xiang、"Adding Fragrant Fragrant Soap" made of multi -flavors such as Lingling incense，Empress Dowager Cixi。The folk incense industry is also alive，Fragrances of the north and south，Various types of incense are endless。As Liu He's family、Wu Gongshun's Fragrant Cake Name Noise Beijing Master、Palace of the shoulder，Yangzhou Dai Chunlin Xiangpu popular for hundreds of years、Far and nearly known，Quanzhou Paica Xiangye has been twists and turns、Inheritance to this day。other，Many pharmacles have special pharmacies，It is used to make a medicine，Due to frankincense、Blood exhaustion、No medicine and other volatile resin spices，Pharmaceutical dosage types produced in pharmacies are mostly for taking、Easy to save pills、San、Ointment、Dan bet365 Play online games is the main。Such as Beijing Yong'antang、Hangzhou Rishengtang、Guangzhou Chen Liji and other well -known pharmacies made of Dan cream、There are many categories of honey pills，and the skills inherited for hundreds of years without falling。

　Local consumption of foreign spices

Foreign spices were introduced into China from the Han Dynasty，Always being deeply expensive、Welcome to literati and elegant，long -term considered luxury。Implementation of the policy of "Pepper Folding Branch" in the early Ming Dynasty，Let the civilian class have the opportunity to contact the spices from outside the domain，and gradually understand and experience its unique charm。From the perspective of sexual taste，Ming and Qing Dynasties entering Huaxiang Moxin or Xin Hot，Not only smell and aroma，And with warmth qi、Activation of blood circulation and pain、Avoiding Plague Sanda Cold、Multiple effects such as fixing spleen and diarrhea。The cold climate in the small ice period greatly urges people's demand for foreign spices，and make it gradually move towards civilianization and dailyization。

Six years of self -Chenghua (1470) start，The cold trend of the climate is strengthened。Winter is not only snowy in the north and Central Plains，The south is also a frequent frost and snow、Jiangshui Binghe，"Plants and trees", "Human and Animal Frozen", "Cold Snow" and other words frequently appear in the local minds。Spring and Autumn Festival "Da Cream Kill Mai" and "Meteorite Killing Cross" occur from time to time，Even "Sudden Cold、Frost "Weather。Dajiang North and South、Spring, autumn, winter and summer are affected by the cold climate。According to Mr. Zhu Kezhen's calculation，The temperature in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was 1-2 ℃ lower than the 1970s。Under the cold climate，The demand for foreign fever and warm spices increases greatly。But due to the slow local quotation process and bet365 best casino games limited scale，At that time, people have to try to find new spice import channels in the gap between the sea ban policy。Back to China，Folk marine trade rises rapidly。On the occasion of Chenghong，"Litto's big surname private sea ship，The age of the city is easy "，"Su Hangzhou and Fujian、Guangdong and other places to sell private ships in the sea，To Zhancheng Kingdom、Back to China，Buy mahogany、Pepper、Fragrant，None of the boat "。Under the continuous appeal of the coastal officials and people，The opening of the month of Longqing in the early days of the month of the month is open，Folk overseas trade obtains legal channels，The number of outdoor imports in the domain continues to climb。It can be said，The arrival of the small ice period is when the people demand for great demand for out -of -domain spices when they urge the Ming and Qing Dynasties，It has also become a engine that promotes the rise of folk sea merchants and the adjustment of the Ming court marine policy。

With the increase in the number of outdoor and imports of outdoor spices and the maturity of the incense process，Agarwood、Honolin、Lilac、Pepper、Cardamom and other foreign spices quickly entered many areas of daily life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，and finally get cultural acceptance of all levels of society。It is in medical care、Daily diet、Religious sacrifice、Wide application in the field of incense makeup，Not only improves the health level of the people，enriched the people's food culture，and comfort when comforting，Promoting the popularity of elegant life style，Show the process of integrating the integration of out -of -domain products and the integration of local culture of China。At the same time，The diverse functions of many spices were discovered by people during the Ming and Qing dynasties，Its new usage method is often taken to its nation -producing country，and being accepted by the locals。Discovery bet365 Play online games process of diverse functions of spices，It is also the creation and dissemination process of new knowledge。

In short，Ming and Qing Dynasties is like a double -edged sword，While causing the local seductiveness of foreign spices，It has also promoted the innovation of spice planting technology and incense technology，It has caused great demand for people's heat and warm spices under cold climate conditions，and thus urged the prosperity of folk marine trade and the opening of Yuegang。

　(The author is a researcher at the Researchers of the Cultural Heritage Science Cognition and Protection Research Base of Nanjing Information Engineering University)