Construction of the political identity and level order of the Qing Dynasty，Mainly followed the two clues that have two focused and intertwined clues in accordance with the two -level and official products。Except the Mongolian Prince and the short -term existence of the Han prince，The surname Feng Jue can be roughly divided into Yigong、Hou、Bo、Son、Men's Sequences of Shi and Light Captain、Captain Captain、Yun Qiwei, etc.。Shijue World Vocational System is in the Guanwai period，From the perspective of development，Not only the name of the world's duty、Extremely easy to hand in the first hand，The nature of its nature has also changed。The most important function of the title is the reward，But before the establishment of the official product，It also has the role of identity division。After entering the customs，Jue、Products，Jue level is also partially included in the sequence of official products。This process reflects the change of the life system of the life of the life，It also reflects the bureaucraticization of the eight flag power structure and identity level。

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Five years of destiny (1620)，Qing Taizu "On Gong Syrian Jue"，Using the Ming Dynasty military official name，Establish a general soldier、Deputy General、Ginseng、Guerrilla、Preparation of Royal Five -Glass Jue System，Each level is divided into three -class，Total 15 et al.。From the file,，Jue Level has produced new changes in actual operation。One，Defense under guerrillas、Du Di，For the formation of half -point preparation，Become the lowest level。Its two，Jue -level system promotion in step -by -step，Reading is the basic unit of calculating the level。Ginseng、Guerrilla belongs to the two -preparation of the royal level，Deputy Generals belongs to the three preparation of the bet365 live casino games royal level，The chief soldier is the four -preparation of the Royal steps。Discussing Gong plus "One Preparation"，can be promoted to the lowest level of the high -level medium level，If you prepare the royal, you will be promoted to third -class guerrillas，Participate in the third -class deputy general in the first pride。Its three，Four Army Officers Four Preparation，If you prepare the royal，No high -level promotion，Therefore, there is "Five Preparation of Royal General Officers"。

Tiancong Eight Years (1634)，Qing Taizong Reform Jue: On the one hand, determine the name of the title，Five -preparation of the Emperor's soldiers is first -class public，Reform the general officer as Angbang Zhangjing、Deputy General is Merler Zhangjing，Ginseng、Guerrilla merged to Jiara Zhangjing，Preparation of Royal Change to Niu Lu Jing。On the other hand, re -regulating jue，Destiny、Jue -level differentiation when Tiancong Zhizhi，Ru Wu Bei Royal Soldiers were recognized and customized，but such as defense、The Division was abolished; the general、guerrillas are combined into first -level，The former corresponds to、Second -class Ara Zhangjing，The latter is unified as a third -class Jiara Zhangjing。Gongzhijie Zhangjing is divided into three -class，The Tiancong Jue system actually builds a five -level jue -level structure。

After the customs clearance，Integrated the Ming Dynasty's Honor Sealing System，System innovation of the title system。As far as the title is concerned，Four years of Shunzhi (1647) December，Change Angzhang Zhangjing as Jingqinihaan、Meller Zhangjing is Asti Hani、Jia La Zhangjing is Ada Haban、Niu Lu Zhang Jing worshiped him La Bulha Fan，From half of the half -prepared recording Zhang Jing to trailer Lahafa。As far as the jue is concerned，The most significant change is Hou、The appearance of Bo。Earlier Tang Tong and other marks of the Ming court of this department，The Qing court also recognized。Starting from the four years from Shunzhi，The Bet365 app download Qing court also gradually seized the flags as Hou、Bo。Gongzhi Adahahaha Fan is divided into three grades，Forms a jue system for level eight and 20。In the first year of Qianlong (1736)，Refers to Jiqinhaman as the Viscount、Astihani Hang as a baron，Adahahafan as a light car captain、Bye Belly Lahafan as Captain Catriarch、Dragling Lahafan as Yun Rider。Sixteen years of Qianlong，An another Encounter captain under the captain of the Yun Rider，Those who have been inherited with the number of settings，World Jue World Vocational System Format。

　　The nature of the Juejue of the Guanwai era

In a mature political system in the traditional era，The nature of the official and jue、The role is clearly divided。But during the period outside，The boundary between the official and the Jue is not clear。Qianlong's "High Emperor's Records" remembered that he was destined for eight years of the Qing Dynasty ancestor, the general soldier was called to the entertainment department "the minister of the world"，Earlier Book "Emperor Martial Arts Records" as "All officials"。And the "Jue" of "Syrian" for five years，In the full text of "Martial Emperor's Record"，Reflected the early Juejue in the official、Vague attributes between Jue。

At the institutional level，You can still cite several examples。The first is the name。Tian Mingjue System All uses the Ming Dynasty military official number。Tiancongjue's name and the official name in the Eight Banners system are mostly heavy，Ru Niu Lu Zhang Jing、Jia La Zhangjing and Meller Zhangjing。and Tiancong's eight -year decision of Jue Name has identified the Jue number as "official name"，Tongxian also stipulates the naming of the official positions such as the Niu Lu and other cows，In this case，Jue level is not different from official positions。Tiancong Nine Years，Zhang Cunren's suggestion "separate civil servants level，Its deputy general、Ginseng、Guerrilla、Preparation of Royal Museum，The name of the Pavilion、Hanlin "，It is also equivalent to the name of the title with the official name。bet365 live casino games Next，Jue positions are mostly lifelong，But there are many old retirement in the Guanwai era。Last，There is nothing wrong with the position，Official positions have both job。During the Tiancong period, I would rather be the "Acting Deputy General"，A relatively fixed association is generated between "position" and "things"，It is necessary to have agency minions。

If the standard after entering the customs, see it，The World Juejue of the Guanwai era is non -Jue and non -official，But part of the attributes of Jue and officials，Each is suitable，The academic community calls martial arts or military officers，Each is suitable。but，Is the debate whether the early jue system is a title or an official position，To some extent, it is based on a mature institutional concept.，Therefore, you need to jump out of the binary concept of non -official is jue，Examine the institutional meaning of the early title system from the perspective of identity politics。

　　Identity order under the eight flag system

Defining of identity level in the bureaucratic system of the Qing Dynasty，Product level is a relatively important measuring factor，Management、Equipment, etc. to a large extent depending on the grade。Even the world of the world，In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, it gradually linked to the grade，Integrated into the rules of promoting and turning dominated by grade，Become one of the qualifications of the official。But in the Guanwai era is not so，Social structure and the nature of the regime are very different from after entering the customs，The construction of identity order is different。

After the formation of the early jue system，The most direct role is to divide the identity level，This is mainly reflected in four aspects。One is etiquette，Ru Tian Ming's six -year protagonist system，Chief Corporal、Deputy General can use Kirin to supplement，Ginseng、Guerrilla can be supplemented with a lion。The second is power。Destiny seven years requires criminal name cases to be prepared for the preliminary trial，Transfer to Ginseng General、Bet365 lotto review Guerrilla Trial，From Dutang、After trial of the general soldier，Tips for Belle Corruption，Great events smell above。The third is allocation。Captives and loot are roughly according to Jue level，Allocate in the mountains of each solid mountain，Each has different differences。The fourth is economic privileges。According to the requirements of the Tiancong period，Preparation of Yubing's Ying Guan Food，But the discharge or other miscellaneous differences cannot be exempted。

That's why，The title part of the Outer era has assumed the role of grade sequence，It also shows the nature of its official official and jue。So how should we understand the relationship between jue and grade? The second year of Chongde (1637) July，Sending a college scholar Fan Wencheng to the Korqin Book，Give the "first -class minister grade"。But this is not consistent with the grade system of the Central Plains dynasty。"Pin" Manwen is Jergi，refers to the official product，Also finger level，Outer era should be the latter。Qianlong Ben's "Taizong Real Records" records the first year of Chongde "Prince Inside and Outside、Junwang、Belle and other ceremonies，Still divided into silver by grade to make it "，Course "Manchu Old File"，Only those who are rewarded are king Belle，The clan seal the title of the grade，The so -called "grade" is level rather than grade。

It is not grade order order that maintains this level of order，but Jue level，The certificate has three。First，Establishment of the correspondence between position and jue level。During the Taizu period, Gu Shan's true level is generally awarded the general officer。Chongde August 3rd years，The Ministry of Rites Protocol Top Wear Model，Duke and Fu Guorong，Angbang Zhangjing and the same administration，Meller Zhangjing and Gu Shan's amount are the same，Jia La Zhangjing and General Feng Guo。When we edited the Turk Turk Mountain in June，"Gushan End、Meller Zhangjing、Niu Luzhang Jingju is the secondary position of the world "，It can be seen that Angzhang Zhangjing bet365 Play online games and Gushan End，Meller Zhangjing、Jia La Zhangjing and its flag officers of the same name have formed a peer relationship。Next，Chongde period officials are full of promotion of promotion，Explain that the Jue level has a measure of measurement in the examination system。Last，Participate in the participation of important etiquette activities in the early stages of Shunzhi，Han officials are delineated by grade regardless of the grade of grades, regardless of the text and martial arts，Managuan is delineated with the jue as a title。Ru Shi Ji Two Years Hunding Heaven，Hanwen military officer three or more、Manchuria Meille Zhangjing above，All fasting for three days。At this time, the preface of the full grade level of the official official grade has been established，But still based on the standard standard，I am afraid that it will continue the tradition outside the customs。

Speech，The grade sequence of the Guanwai period has not been completely established，The division of identity level should be based on the jue level，Corresponding etiquette、allocation and economic privileges are based on the jue level。In the eight family,、The lord of the eight co -governance seals under the division，Eight Banners are the main body of social structure，National Government Affairs and Eight Banners often do not have clear boundaries，The construction and division of political identity also mainly rely on the eight flags to achieve。No product level sequences are not formed outside the level，To a large extent, because bureaucratic politics is not yet mature，No need to build a new division standard in addition to the status order of the Eight Banners。

After the customs clearance，The relationship between the eight flags and the country has changed from the eight flag support countries to the national support of the eight flags。Correspondingly，Jue level cannot continue to be the basis for identity division，Management level、The Lulu system has been established in the early years of Shunzhi，Eight Banners are gradually incorporated into the system of bureaucracy。bet365 Play online games The role of the grade order of the grade level undertaken by the jue no longer exists，Guanwai era world Juejue "non -Jue non -official、Yuejueye "attribute，After entering the customs, it will be transformed into a mediocrity.，It is even dominated by the new sequence of grade levels。Separation of Jue -level and grade，Reflect that the increasing maturity of bureaucracy and the "bureaucratization" of the eight flag power structure，This is also a problem that should not be ignored by the characteristics of the Qing Chengming system and even the national characteristics of the Qing Dynasty。

　(This article is the National Social Science Foundation Project "" The Real Record of the Qing Dynasty "Manchu and Han Text Pay Survey and Research (22VJXG005) phased results)

(Author is an associate professor at the School of History of Nankai University)