"Marx Political Philosophy" we discussed today，Mainly refers to the right of equality、Active political philosophy associated with major reality issues such as impartial allocation。In a sense，The academic world is based on contemporary Western political philosophy as the starting point，To understand and construct this standardized Marx political philosophy。This academic road has its uniform meaning，But it is also worthy of our high vigilance。Contemporary Western political philosophy is a purely normative theory，It not only has not criticized historical materialism and political economics as the cornerstone of the argument，Even in its logic, it contains a force that rejection the latter。Therefore，Once Marx's political philosophy understands and builds a pure normative theory similar to Relus political philosophy，It is easy to cover the most fundamental thing in Marx's thoughts。So，The question that needs to be distinguished is: Do we have reason to be on the road of criticism of historical materialism and political economy，Understand and construct Marx's political philosophy?

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To grasp the above problems，Need a practical ideological history，while Hegel is a ideological history of thought that cannot be bypassed。Well knows，Hegel's political philosophy is mainly displayed in the "Principles of Law Philosophy"。"Principles of Law Philosophy" is divided into three articles in structure，Abstract method、Moral and Ethics。The ownership in the first "Abstract Method"、Contract，I think it is a question Bet365 lotto review of Locke，Speak more clearly，​​This is what Locke launched by Locke under the contractual framework。If Locke is the father of modern political philosophy，So ownership、Contract is exactly the "foundation" problem of modern political philosophy。Hegel obviously fully recognizes the importance of this "foundation" problem，But he did not stay on the level of Locke，That is, it is not under the contractual framework、Use natural laws to explain ownership and contract，Instead, define it as "abstract method"。The basic demonstration method used by Hegel in "Principles of Law"，It is from abstraction to specific conceptual dialectics。So，He is not in the first one，Instead, the third part of the "specific" is "ethics"，Complete the interpretation of ownership and contract。If the first article is about Locke's question、The second part is about Kant's question，So just to the third chapter，Hegel is really talking about your own problems。People usually think，In the third chapter，The country represents the highest ethical entity，Therefore, it is also the part that can most show the essence of Hegel's political philosophy，But in fact，"Civil society" in this article may have a more important position。Combining the abstraction method with the citizen society will find it, and you will find it，Civil society is exactly the historical framework of Hegel's definition of ownership and contract，Because Hegel wants to tell people clearly，ownership、Contract and other abstract methods and form methods，It is a civic society rooted in the modern world。

The core of modern Western society from traditional feudal society to modern business and market society，It is the formation and continuous maturity of bet365 live casino games the civic society as a system that needs and labor。In this transformation，A series of problems with standardized significance，If legal ownership issues、Contract -based fair exchange and distribution problems，All are highlighted，This has created political philosophy since Locke in a sense。Locke、Hume and Adam Smith and others，Actually, it is the historical horizon standing on the modern civic society to build their respective political philosophy，But they all lack a deep -level historic study for civic society。In this sense，Hegel explained ownership and contract in the framework of civil society，For the first time since the first generation，Especially the political philosophy since Locke pushed the historical depth that it should have arrived。In fact，Hegel's thinking is in line with actual history in a certain sense，Also indicating a historic ideological construction。Of course，Hegel has no historic field of historical materialism and political economics.，This is also the place where Marx and Hegel are divided。

　　Marx's civic society critical and political philosophy laying a foundation

The intricate relationship between Marx and modern thoughts，Fully reflected in his criticism of civic society。Marx's criticism of civic society is deeply influenced by Hegel，But he did not point to the criticism of criticism and ethics like Hegel.、Division of personal interests and universal interests，Marx must criticize more fundamental class and social differentiation than this differentiation。From Locke to Adam Smith, political philosophers consisting of citizens' society as an equal natural individual、Relationship body that meets the spirit of rational contract and the principles of justice，Hegel saw the contradictions Bet365 lotto review in civic society，Refers to the atomicization、Fields full of interest competition，Marx goes further than Hegel，The relationship carried by the public society，It is identified as "So far the most complicated social relationship"，That is the relationship between capital。In this sense，Marx's criticism of civil society，It has far surpassed Hegel's ethical meaning，Instead of revealing the deepest social contradictions in capital relations，This is the meaning of historical materialism and political economics criticism。From this point of view，Marx is actually in "Capital" and its manuscript，Promote and complete its criticism of civic society。

Marx's criticism of civil society，Make him substantially intervene from Locke to Smith to Hegel's political philosophy problem.，Therefore，The ownership is logical to become an important topic of "Capital" and its manuscript，This is the key to we grasp Marx's political philosophy。but but，Marx is neither in the sense of Locke，With the help of natural law to defend the legitimacy of ownership; it is not in the sense of Hegel，Rely on the country to give ethical specifications for ownership，Instead, it is committed to criticizing the exploitation relationship related to the ownership。In the first volume of "Capital"，This problem is what Marx refers to the "transformation of the laws of commodity production ownership to capitalism";，This problem is what he said "Lost workers' losses，And objectized labor has ownership of living labor "。By explaining this problem，Marx tells people，In capitalist production relations，ownership and related implementation methods have become a form of things，Class differentiation between workers and capitalists and inequality caused by it，is the most fresh bet365 live casino games behind ownership、The most authentic historical reality。This can be seen，Marx's political philosophy not only follows Locke、Adam Smith, especially in Hegel，The deeper place is，His perspective unique to political economics criticism，Show the ownership thoroughly、Why is possible question。So，From Locke to Hegel to Marx，It represents a historical clue that is continuously enhanced by historical sense。On this clue，The advancement of Hegel relative to Locke，A qualitative change is formed here in Marx，Historical materialism and political economics criticism becomes the fundamental logic of political philosophy，Or can also be said as Arrrent，Political philosophy is formulated by the formulation of behavior rules，It has become a historical theory。This historical theory does not have something unique to political philosophy -normative，Instead, the standardization is based on the real reality，Summary in the words of Marx，probably "finding a new world in the criticism of the old world"。

　　"Capital" research and political philosophy research

Can't deny，In the current Chinese Marxist philosophy world，There are two fields of attracted attention，1 is research on "Capital"，The second is the study of political philosophy。People may think，There is no necessarily connection and intersection between these two fields，Therefore, there is no possibility and necessity of dialogue and integration。But if the exposition of the previous article indicates，Criticism of historical materialism and political economics，It should be the context and reasonableness of our understanding and constructing Marx's political philosophy，So，Realize dialogue and integration of these two fields，It is a very meaningful thing。Bet365 lotto review In short，This significance is not only reflected in the determination of Marx's political philosophy research，At the same time, it is also reflected in the improvement of "Capital"。

"Capital Theory" is a dimbolic text，Of course we can from multiple viewpoints、Interpret it in many senses，But I think，Popularity of Political Philosophy，It is particularly not missing。The reason is: According to Marx's review and summary of the theoretical process of Marx in the preface of "Political Economics Criticism"，He is to understand the relationship between the law from the foundation，Turning to the research of political economics。So，Although he experienced a steering from early political criticism to later economic criticism，But economic criticism itself is not a purpose，I am rather，His ultimate purpose is，Solution to solve the problem of refracted and connected political philosophy reflected in the relationship between law，Including social justice issues, liberation of people, and people's freedom and comprehensively develop,。Brief words，The highest problem in "Capital" is not "economy"，but on "Political Philosophy"。Understand "Capital" from political philosophy，Not only will not reduce the ideological meaning of this text，On the contrary, it will be promoted to the desired ideological height。This can be seen，Actively promote and realize the dialogue and integration of the research and political philosophy research，For these two fields，All have profound academic reasons。

　　(This article is the major project of the National Social Science Foundation "Prerequisites for the value of contemporary Chinese political philosophy、Study on Ideological Resources and Implementation Path "(17zda103) phased results)

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Wuhan University)