The original intention of Western Marxism is based on the subjective problem，Taking personal problems as a breakthrough，Criticism of Capitalism and its mainstream ideology。But，Groups that emphasize the proletariat realized the consciousness of attention、From the persistence of personal rationality to the paranoia for personal irrational factors，Western Marxism unexpectedly occurred to liberalism on the issue of "personal subject"。This major change may be related to the "cultivation" of Western economics in the 20th century。

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early 20th century，Facing the change of capitalist countries，Lucarcie opened a major research steering called "Marxist subjectiveness"。In his opinion，It is not enough to demonstrate the demise of capitalism from the perspective of objective economics，The key is to let the working class understand and identify this "fact"。So，The construction problem of the awareness of proletariat is the top priority。Lucic inherited the idea of ​​Marx on personal and social dialectics to a certain extent，However, because he will explore theoretical discussion with revolutionary practice，and propose the "overall" concept designed to weaken economic basic position，Therefore, I unconsciously mistaken the problem of proletarian consciousness to the construction of abstract theory。

After that，Frankfurt Bet365 lotto review Social Research Institute, which continues to move along the path of Lukaccic, has been relocated to the United States after several times。Under the leadership of Hawkeheimer，The Institute of Social Research has further suspended Marx's critical economics of capitalism，Fixed on culture and ideological criticism。"Personal decline" question becomes the entrance that they start liberal and capitalist critical。The so -called personal decline，is the loss of personality and the dissolution of the spirit of critical。Hawkheimer regards liberalism as the beginning of this decline。In the indulgence of liberalism for material production and consumption，Personal self -spirit is getting lost。Liberals also use science and technology as a tool for maintaining rule，Point out in the face of science and technology，The only thing an individual can do is to be rationally accepted scientific arrangements。Final，Individuals lost their subjectivity and personality in this relationship with society。

Hawkheimer's intention is to help individuals break free from the materialization state of thought，Establish personal subject consciousness。In this process，He did not move towards liberal atomic individual，but emphasize the importance of social groups and personal cooperation。But，Because he emphasizes the "practice" of ideas, he is suspended or even intends to obstruct the economics of capitalism，Make the problem of personal subject overwhelmingly obscure the practical study of society，Its strong revolutionary willingness bet365 live casino games is also subjective by individuals for capitalism、Diluted by diversified interpretation。

Subsequent，The New Society Movement of European and American countries give Malkase、Sartre and others brings new hope。They are glad to see that individuals have not been completely alienated，Just pry open the personal instinct、Revolutionary motivation in irrational factors such as will，can achieve the purpose of overthrowing capitalism。In this turning of "Personalized Marxism",，Personal body theory that is closer to liberalism has finally moved from potential to showing。

Based on this，Floom's "humanitarian socialism" aimed at "the realization of individualism"、"Free Socialism" of Malkase、Sa of Sartre the socialism，can be regarded as setting for the ideal society。In these theories，The realization of personal freedom is referred to as the ultimate goal of socialism，Intellectuals with science and technology、College students are regarded as the "new subject" that realizes the ideal society。"instinct" and "love" and other irrational factors as the driving force of the revolution，Personal free choice、Self -discovery and self -liberation is regarded as the only way to subvert capitalism。As for the property ownership of property emphasized by Marx，In their opinion，but it is not important，Therefore, no need to emphasize excessive emphasis。

It should be said，Starting from the Frankfurt School，Western Marxists put the "single person" in the practice of historic subjects，It is a theoretical projection of the awareness of the bet365 best casino games consciousness of the personal subject of modern society。However, its deeper theoretical purpose is，They take personal freedom as the highest pursuit，The performance of personal rationality and irrational forces is regarded as the "recovery of freedom and essence"。The reason is，They identify that the current capitalist society has "eliminated between private and public、Confrontation between personal needs and social needs "" Personal is politics "。On the surface，They are still talking about the restriction of individuals in the society，In fact, the relative independence of society and its deep decision on individuals。

　　The rise of the welfare economy and individual freedom fantasy

From the perspective of the history of Western economic development，Western Marxism failed to shake the capitalist social structure from a subtle place，There is a direct relationship with the rise of the "welfare economy" in the early 20th century.。During the construction of a welfare country，The material living standards and education levels of people in Europe and the United States have greatly improved，Enhancement of subject consciousness。Western Marbusists asserted from this，Criticism on the perspective of capitalism in capitalism、Class struggles that emphasize groups are already out of time，Criticism is only a feasible way to criticize cultural ideology from a value or even individual perspective。

But，These Western Marxists did not see，The so -called "gold development" period of capitalism is just the result of the intention bet365 live casino games of Kanesianism, which has long occupied the mainstream of Western economics。From Kanes,，The outbreak of the economic crisis originated from insufficient consumption。Therefore, as long as the government actively interfere with economic and social affairs，Use a certain way to stimulate people's consumer desire，can delay the crisis，Enhance the legitimacy of rule。

It is undeniable，This economic idea has indeed promoted the "glory" period of European and American countries，But its disadvantages are also continuously exposed in the later development。First，This is an anti -ecological production lifestyle。Under the motivation of the maximum motivation of private interest，The whole society is in the pursuit of materialistic pursuit of material，The relationship between people and nature is becoming more and more tense。Next，During the "Gold Development" period of Western countries after World War II and its huge welfare expenditure，It is supported by the cheap oil and raw materials of the Third World countries。This "deprivation accumulation" is the tension that leads to the relationship between the country、The important reasons for the gap between the rich and the poor global。Last，This economic development model that pursues private interests also has the characteristics of anti -society。Personal "self -development" and "self -choice" is regarded as the Supreme，Society and the country are suppressed and "emptied" as "essential evil"。Social wealth is inclined to the dominant bet365 live casino games position in the free market，In the end, the tension between the relationship between the people inside a country，Social contradictions are constantly intensified。

This looks like，Capitalism and its liberalism implements an unsustainable development strategy。Its short -term development is more prosperous，The unsustainable continuous development of long -term development is more prominent。but，Western Marxists have thrown away Marx's objective economic critical weapons，Actively "integrate" the mainstream of liberal economy。Therefore, it is difficult to jump out of the current fetters，Always switch to entanglement on the personal subject，Failure to form a more macro and dynamic historical perspective。Final，Subjective cultural ideology Criticism can only be fragmented，The implementation of the personal subject becomes an out -of -reach dream。

To sum up，Western Marxism's errors on the subjective issues lead to a series of ideas of their thoughts。First，They reduce "reality" into "existing"，Ignore the ideal and transcendence of the person itself。Next，They stuffed the rich and diverse individuals into the preset framework of the "abstract essence"，Failure to dialectically handle the complex relationship between individuals and society。Last，They failed to adhere to the unity of the macro view and micro -entry、Unified analysis of objective analysis and humanistic care、Methodism principles for the unified ideal and reality。

　(Author Unit: The School of Marxism, Tianjin Normal University)