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Since the 1990s，With the trend of globalization, it continues to accelerate，communication and mutual learning between civilizations are becoming widespread and in -depth。In the academic field，"Cross -cultural Research" or "History -Comparison Research" results have emerged in large quantities。Enter the 21st century，At the same time as the "China Civilization Source Project" is carried out，Chinese archeology also ushered in the world、A good opportunity to go to the international stage。

　　Civilization: Communication and mutual learning

Use first -hand information to incorporate Chinese civilization into the world civilization system for comparison research，It is one of the efforts and practices of the current Chinese archeological community。The comparison between ancient civilization is undoubtedly a huge project，Big to the natural ecological environment、​​Geographical Political Perspective、Social etiquette system、Economic Model of Shengye、Social Organization Structure; Small to one type of building、One piece of utensil or a image。From the comparison of cross -civilization，Several similarities and modes that I have once learned in the development of human society、Thought or concept is the core of the comparative research。

Liangzhu Culture of Chinese Civilization Jade and the pyramid of Mayan Civilization is comparable? At first glance，The two seem to be unable to hit the eight poles。In terms of visual experience of volume，Disposal differences in the size of the two。For the solar pyramid of Mexitohuacan today，It is one of the largest buildings in Central America in the former Columbus era，up to 61 meters high。and Liangzhu Jade，Even the largest anti -mountain "king" is only 8.9 cm high。How can this difference comparable? But amazing is，Although the volume of the two is big different，However, its shape and connotation really have similarities。

Liangzhu culture is mainly distributed in the Taihu area of ​​China，About 5300-4300 years away from today。This culture is、钺、璧 璧 is the most representative group of jade ceremony with a large number of jade ceremonies。The distribution range of Mayan civilization is equivalent to today's eastern Mexico、Guatemara、Belize，and the western narrow belt of Honduras and Salvador，Pass through Nicaragua，Costa Rica's Nicia Peninsula is also included。

Mayan civilization can be divided into former classical period、Classical period and post -classical period。The first classic period (1500 BC — 300 BC)，The Maya invention calendar、Text and Monument Building。Classical period (300-900 BC)，Use of the text here、The establishment bet365 live casino games of the monument, etc.。Post -classical period (900 to 16th century)，The northern urban state is up，Culture towards decline。

　　Form: Sifang -Central Structure

Jade is one of the most typical jade articles in Liangzhu culture。Its inner circle and close party，It looks like a square column cover outside the cylinder，Inside the cylinder，Passing from up and down，The cylinder is slightly higher than the square pillar，The raised part of the up and down is called "Shooting"。Sifang Corner，Liangzhu people use horns as the central axis，Carrying people and beasts on the top and bottom。The late to Liangzhu Culture，The higher the body, the higher the body，The decoration carved on the 琮 is also increasingly simplified。

The distribution of the pyramids of Central America is more widely distributed，Cross different historical periods，Concentrated distributed near Mexico City、The Yicatan Peninsula in eastern Mexico and Guatemala、Mexico and Honduras are adjacent to。The scale of these pyramids is magnificent，Towering momentum。There are four types of buildings in the central Maya region: temple-pyramids、Range-Type Building、Ball Court、​​"Radial Pyramids)。

Radioar pyramids are the key objects used by this article to compare with jade。This type of pyramid is different from the temple pyramid，It has a four -sided step，And generally there is no temple structure at the top。Radioar pyramids are very common in the Peng site，From the previous classical period to the classical period, it has always existed，Usually the largest building located in the central location。Maya radioactive structure can be divided into two subtypes: altar platform and radioactive pyramid。Radioxual pyramids are usually decorated with mud，Decorate God Face on the side of the ladder。The largest expansion of radioactive pyramids and affiliated buildings appeared in the late classical late，But the structure of the radioactive pyramid during this period is simplified，Lack of early complex styles and decorations。

Observation from the perspective of the shape of the building, especially the downward view，The similarities between the radioactive pyramid and the jade is，Both have the structure of "Sifang -Center"。The radioactive pyramid has four stairs，The middle of each side，Looking down at the pyramid from the air，The four -sided stairs are just cross，Four divisions of the pyramid。and each two corner pillars of 琮 There is a slightly concave slot。If the four -sided grooves are expanded，They are the same as the inner circle of the 琮 成，琮 琮。Mu Yongli once observed and believed: "The jade is reflected on the basis of the Liangzhu people on the basis of its specific east method cosmic view，Witch or Shaman Faith in the Tools of the Heavenly People in China。”

In prehistoric archeological materials in China，The material relics that reflect the Quartet -central structure Bet365 lotto review like 琮 are not a few。The simplest form，If you can often see the phenomenon of cross -section of the cross fourth -class score on the ceramic spinning wheel。The jade version unearthed from the Shan Lingjia Beach is engraved with two circles，Small circle is contained in a large circle，and at the center of the center，There are eight arrows between the large and small circles，Points to the four directions and four dimensions between each direction。Mu Yongli Note earlier，The expansion of the Jade 琮 and the similarity of the Lingjia Beach Yu Edition in the shape and structure。Wang Aihe pointed out，This square -central structure is a manifestation of the space cosmic view，And the structural continuity between the Sifang -Central Universe and the Cosmic Outlook of the Han Dynasty。

Sifang -Central structure is a spatial classification structure，The location of the center is the most important，It is defined by the square。Jade and radioactive pyramids are the embodiment of this structure，Both are symbols of the sacred center。"Zhou Li · Chunguan · Grand Bo" said: "，With Huang Yanli，Eastern，Southern，Baihu Li West，To the North。""，Matching in the central government、Matching in the central government。With Huang Yanli，It indicates that the 琮 is the symbol of the earth。

琮 皆 四，and the engraved text is divided into two，Both side side by side，The saying of the eight parties is also closed。To form an eight parties，It is necessary to circle。So，The physical image of the 琮 is also a round square。Lin Yinnav made the centrality of the cricket。He speculated，琮 The power of the ancestor of the ancestors from the heavens and the earth and the ancestors in all directions，and provide them with a place of residence。Since God、The gods in all directions are gathered in the position of the 琮，This fully shows that the position of the 琮 is the center and its cosmic axis features。

The centrality of the radioactive pyramid is reflected in several aspects: the pyramid is dedicated to the god，Such as the Sun Pyramid in Teitihua、Moon pyramid and feather snake god pyramid; some pyramids found the king's tomb，It can be seen that this center is a sacred area，It is exclusive to the ruling class，Land at this center，Knowledge and political authority in the world are two; regular sacrifice activities are regularly held in the pyramid。

One of the functions of radioactive pyramid is the ceremony venue。Its radioactive structure and facilities associated with radioactive，It provides a symbolic platform for the holding of public agricultural rituals (deployed by the sun calendar)。The place of the center can get supernatural or ancestor divine wisdom，You must regenerate it regularly through the sacrifice，It is a sacrifice and political activities that combine the four directions and the center to form the same cosmic view，and make it constantly regenerate。Different shapes of radioactive pyramids bet365 best casino games originated from architectural symbolism，They represent the equivalent cycle of space and time and the four directions on the surface of the ground。

　　■ Liangzhu God Hui Chen Minghui/Figure Figure

　　prototype: axis of the universe

The shape of the jade and radioactive pyramids presents the structure of the Sifang -center，All materialized performance of the sacred center。further in -depth along this point，We found their deep prototypes- "Axis Mundi)。Read the connotation of jade 琮 as the academic understanding of the cosmic axis，Zhang Guangzhi's point of view is the most impressive。He thinks，琮 Fang and Yuan represent the earth and the sky，The perforation in the middle represents communication between heaven and earth，The stick worn through the hole is the heaven and earth pillar。Animal images on many crickets，means that the wizard communicates the heaven and earth with the assistance of animals through the heaven and earth pillars。and，He also mentioned the concept of Iliad's so -called "ground pillar"，That is to say, this pillar is through underground to the sky，Tongtianti Shaman can climb this pillar，From one world to another world。Williams and Pierce think，The consciousness of the ground column is from the nervous system，Its role is to connect the different layers of the tiered cosmos。Dong Chuping thinks，Liangfang Pillar Jade in Liangzhu Culture has the meaning of heaven and earth columns。From the perspective of the axis of the universe，We can see the 琮 as a complete building，It has sacredness。

As for the radioactive pyramid，Study Mayan archeologists think，Radioar pyramids can be interpreted as architectural symbols on the surface of the earth，And the extension of the two -point journey through the sun's axis of the sun。Although the sun travels through the east -west horizontal line, it runs through the ground plane，But at the same time，This operating journey occurs at the center of the earth，That is to say, the sun runs along the "axis of the universe"。This cosmic axis penetrates the ground plane in the center of the world or the umbilicus，Hui Sky、Earth -underground World。

Radioar pyramid is exactly the axis of this kind of universe。The Maya people build this type of pyramid，It shows that they communicate the concept of the divine rights of the three realms of the universe。The inscription pyramid of Palenque，Also belongs to this architectural mode。The top level of the pyramid has the sun god feather snake temple and inscription inscription，The middle layer is the palace，Enter the lower level，The bottom of the hundreds of steps in the hundreds of steps，Tomb with a vault room，The remains of King Palenk in the sarcophagus tomb。

Jade and radioactive pyramids are similar to the prototype of the axis of the universe.。Actually，The axis of the universe is a common concept of the world。Sa Manjiao's universe view believes that there are three layers bet365 Play online games of the universe: God、Di、Underground。These three layers of world are connected by a center column。Universe shaft is just deep prototype，external appearances can be different，Common is cosmic mountain、World Tree。For the Maya pyramid，Mary Miller once pointed out，Pyramids This commemorative building can be regarded as sacred mountains and trees。

■ Tetihuakan Sun Pyramid Author/Figure Figure

　　Function: About the running of the sun

The main function of the Maya pyramid is to observe the phenomenon，Determine time。Most archeologists think，The E -group building of Uaxactun (Uaxactun) is the Maya astronomical observer to accurately determine a two -to -two to date to adjust the main observatory of the solar calendar。In Liangzhu Culture，Archaeologists found too many altars。where，Yaoshan Altar is considered to have observation function。Liu Bin observed through field，Take Yaoshan and Huiguanshan as an example，The design function of the original altar should be used to observe the place where celestial phenomena are given to the age of time。For example，In the winter solstice，The direction of the sunrise is exactly consistent with the orientation of the southeast corner of the two altars，The gray soil frame on the altar may be the position of observation。

Although there is no evidence, it clearly shows that the jade is used for actual observation，But Jade and its images do show the connection between it and the sun operation。Liangzhu Yuyu on the Essence of God and Beasts,，There are symmetrical bird patterns on both sides of the gods and beasts。Many scholars think，God -Man Beast Face is like the symbol of the sun god。The relationship between the sun and birds and birds has been seen since the period of Hemodu culture，After that, there is a rising cultural tradition。The author also takes it deep。When we combine the interpretation of the image of the gods and beasts with the understanding of the axis of the universe as the axis of the universe，It is not difficult to understand this: the gods and beasts of the gods carved on the jade noodles are perhaps the trajectory of the sun along the cosmic axis。

The result of this image test is actually an amazing match with the mythical mythical mythical in the Shan Hai Jing，It is likely to be a reflection of the same scene in different nature texts。other，Liangzhu Yuyu on another type of famous image，That is, the image of the Bird Litai high platform is also considered to reflect the running trajectory of the sun。

At this point in the running trajectory of the sun，Liangzhu and Maya's universe view contains the "death -regeneration" life mode。The gods and beasts on the jade is like the sun god，It repays it with the help of the god birds and the beasts，As "Huainanzi · Astronomical Training" states: "Enter the day in Yu Yuan，Dawn in Mongolian Valley。”

In a Maya myth，The sun god has fallen to the underground world in the spring equinox。This drop caused the sun to aging。From the summer solstice，Bet365 app download The aging sun has traveled to the bottom of the underground world，There he seduced the young Moon -the goddess of the earth。Mating when the sun and the moon，The Dead of the Aging Sun God，Immediately in the uterus of the goddess of earth。The new sun -when the corn god is born，The goddess also started aging。When the old moon -the goddess of the earth can bring rainwater，The rainy season starts。The new sun -corn god is still in the uterus of the goddess，until the coming of autumn equinox，At that time，Sun -corn God jumps from the underground world to the sky again。So，The death and rebirth of the sun ensure the change of corn。The ritual of the death and resurrection of God is frequent in ancient civilizations in the world，This is also the basis for sacrifice。In the Maya Universe View，Corn God experienced life in Maya art、The cycle of death and resurrection。This theme is widely infiltrated in Mayan art。

This kind of death — the recycled mode is all manifested in the form of statues and image art in Liangzhu Jade、Yuyu and Maya pyramid。The latest discovery of the Chinese archaeological team at the latest discovery of the advanced building on the north side of the north side of the north of the north of the noble place at the Site 8N-11 site，The head of the feather snake god and corn god was unearthed、Cross flower pattern symbolizing the sun，There are bird claws、water drops、Haibei pattern, etc.。In the Maya Universe View，Western representative underworld，The entrance of the underworld is a piece of ocean。Li Xinwei pointed out，The engraving of the building is related to the underworld scene and the myth of the sun and the sun god after the death of the corn god and the sun god。

　　Extension: Echo previous research

Except for jade and radioactive pyramid，Ancient Chinese civilization and Chinese American civilization still exist in many aspects，For example, the concept of the shamanism cosmic、The worship of the turtle、The myth associated with the moon and the rabbit，etc.。It is worth mentioning is，Discussion of jade and radioactive pyramids，It can echo the research of the predecessors。

One，Facing the similarities of ancient Chinese civilization and Chinese American civilization，Different opinions in the academic circles。Zhang Guangzhi agrees with the concept of American scholar Peter Fernter's layered universe，The universe is layered，Mainly there are lower worlds、Upper world and middle layer，Connect with "ground column" in the universe layer。This cosmic view can be traced back to more than 10,000 years ago，At that time, the ancestors of the Indian Indians，Hometown in northeast Asia。Zhang Guang proposed an explanation，Although the origin of Chinese civilization and the origin of Chinese and American civilization is different，But the descendants of the same ancestors are actually in different times、Products at different locations。He calls this Bet365 app download entire cultural background as "Maya -Chinese Culture Continuous Body"。

Its two，Ten years ago，Art historians Wu Hong in the context of Chinese and Western arts think more，Refine the "Monument" in ancient Chinese art and architecture。He tried to prove，Ancient Chinese jade、Copper and eggshell pottery，Politics compared with the tall Egyptian pyramids that are towering、Religious and aesthetic meaning。Those "portable utensils" are not just some decorations or pots and pots，but a gift instrument with a strong "monument"。Wu Hong thinks，Only one monument with a clear "commemorative" is a monument with content and function。In this sense，Liangzhu's jade and Maya's radioactive pyramids are products with "monument"。

Uniqueness，In the multimedia videos of the three exhibition halls of the "Jade Soul State" in the 2018 New Exhibition of the Liangzhu Museum，This interpretation of jade jade: The relationship between the proportion of jade and people has changed greatly，Xiao Yan has become a behemoth，People stand on the jade。Sudden，琮 as the earth、Axis of the Universe、The characteristics of the monument appear suddenly。Maybe Liangzhu people thousands of years ago，I just want to use jade to make a huge、The axis of the lofty universe，Of course it is impossible in reality (Turkish -building altar or a substitute)，Therefore, the precious jade articles, especially the jade, to present the micro -universe in their minds。

　　(Author Unit: Department of Literature and Board of Nanjing Normal University; Academic Research Department of Liangzhu Museum)