Ecological Marxism entered a new stage in the 21st century。It continues to dig Marx's ecological thought in theoretical development，Especially continuously promoting the development of its "metabolism break" theory，New features that appear in combination with capitalist development，Let's start a new criticism。Focus on the development of the past five years，Ecological Marxism has changed new changes，Its theoretical domain is mainly expanded from the four aspects of "Human Ji", "Ecological Dialectics", "Species" and "Ecological Value form"。

First，The determination and ecological revolution of Anthropocene。The concept of the human discipline was first proposed by Paul J. Crutzen and Eugene F. STOERMER in 2000.。They believe that the earth has entered a new geological era after the new world，That is the human discipline。It refers to human activities as an increasing geological force，Make a qualitative change in the earth system，Change the original rate of geophysical evolution，so that the history of the earth enters the new geological era。August 29, 2016，Human discipline work group formally reported to the International Geological Conference，Determined the real existence of the "human discipline" in geological history。About the beginning of the human discipline，Working group members have fiercely argued in 2015，The last basis is basically determined to be 1945。Since then，How to understand and respond to the human discipline as an important discussion for ecological Marxism。Facing the planet ecological crisis caused by capitalism and its ideological rule，Ecological Marxist scholars Bet365 app download emphasize that the ecological revolution of the human discipline is imminent。

"Climate and Capitalism" editor Ian Angus, Ian Angus, very much agrees with the beginning of the 20th century as the start time of the human discipline，Because it involves the rapid outbreak of global disasters and the emergence of monopoly capital。The leader of Ecological Marxism，John Bellamy Foster, a American scholar, is close to this，And he believes that the beginning of the time of the human discipline is generally consistent with the rise of the modern environment movement。The most obvious stratigraphy trace of the human discipline is the radioactive element precipitation of nuclear weapons test，and the modern environment movement originated from the protests against ground nuclear tests led by scientists after World War II。Foster then pointed out that human discipline means that human behavior has far exceeded any other factors on the formation and destruction of the earth system;，This fracture crisis is warning that the earth is in the system crisis and human civilization crisis。​​The root of the crisis is the production process of capitalism。Foster further pointed out，If you want to save human beings，It is necessary to create a different socio -economic logic，Make an ecological socialist revolution。Here，Foster specially adopted the term "capitalist menopause" to refer to the transformation of social change under the new crisis of capitalist society。

2，From the theory of broken metabolism to the ecological dialectics。To realize the transformation of capitalist social changes in the era of human discipline，Ecological Marxist scholars expand and deepen the theory of Xiexin Fracture，Including a criticism of the theory of the broken metabolism break the theory of metabolism in dialectics。Brett Clark, Foster and bet365 Play online games American scholar, summarize Marx's ecological ideas as "Nature's General metabolism", "Social metabolism" and "metabolism break"。The metabolism of nature and society is performed in the process of labor and production，and Marx's focus on the "Capital" is the metabolism break in the capitalist commodity production system。The same in -depth research is Kohei Saito，It is also the editor of MegaⅡ)，Based on the ecological notes of Marx after studying Marx in detail，The ecological criticism of Marx's metabolic break is found to include many fields，Such as land、Forest、Animal Husbandry、Climate change，or even animal species。

Based on this，The theory of metabolism of the metabolism is expanded，Not only refers to external nature，also includes the plunder of material life。So，The theory of metabolism of metabolism is widely used in understanding and criticizing various ecological problems today，If climate change、Land Marine Ecological Fracture、Ecosystem destruction of the human microbiome group、Agriculture、Fisheries、Biological diversity、The interaction between humans and the biosphere。

With the expansion of the broken theory of metabolism and the critics' attacks and misunderstandings of the theory，Foster and others deepened the discussion of the break theory of the metabolism to the level of dialectics。He pointed out the relationship between nature and society correctly，Can't simply analyze with one -dollar or binary theory，This will only lead to the concept of "single metabolism"。Whether it is an abstract one theory，Still rough dual theory does not meet the dialectics，It should adhere to the dialectics of nature from the perspective of historical materialism，Beyond one -dollar theory and binary theory，Ecological dialectics，to achieve Bet365 lotto review the possibility of metabolism repair。

third，Controversy about speciesism。In the theoretical interpretation of metabolism between nature and society，"Species" problem has aroused fierce debate by ecological Marxist scholars，That is, Marx's status of animals in human society and the relationship between human and animals。The debate is mainly divided into two factions，A faction is represented by British scholar Ted Benton，Proposal that early Marx was speciesist，Marx's humanism is also human -centered speciesist。In the relationship between humans and animals，Marx is completely binary theory，Emphasize the opposition between humans and animals。This view was criticized by Foster and others，Benton's response channel，They misunderstood his original meaning to some extent。He does not say that Marx does not care about or degrade animals for the pain of animals，He is just from the concept of Marx's alienation，I saw the negation of the basic material needs of workers in the capitalist relationship，Workers are reduced to animals or tools，The distortion and exploitation of animals that are also trapped in capitalist relations have not been criticized in this concept。

The other faction is Foster、Clark and German scholar Christian Stache (Christian Stache) is represented。Foster and Clark mainly believe that Marx is neither speciesist，No use of toolism to treat animals。On the contrary, Marx emphasizes the dialectical relationship between humans and other species，and criticize the alienated speciesism under the capitalist system，批 Criticize animal exploitation and increase animal pain，Criticizing animal commercialization to reduce animals as a machine -like existence。Although Stei admits that Benton wants to promote the reconciliation between bet365 Play online games Marxism and animal liberation advocates，But the result is the opposite。After detailed analysis of Marx’s "The Manuscript of Economics of 1844"，Steci criticized Ben's binary theory，Point out that in the relationship between people and animals，Marx first admits the commonality of people and animals in nature，，The difference between human and animals is reflected in the practice of social history。

Fourth，Analysis of ecological value form。With the development of the global capital production chain and financial capital monopoly，Scholars of Ecological Marxism proposed an analysis of ecological value forms，That is, the dialectical relationship of attaches importance to the form of nature and value。Its purpose is to respond to some theorists misunderstanding that Marx's labor value theory abandon nature，That is, the dialectical relationship of attaches importance to the form of nature and value，Especially criticized their animals、Value theory of physiological or energy。

French scholar Michael ) (also translated Michael Lowei) Agree with Marx's ecological thoughts still has methodology today，And Marx's labor value theory is of great significance for understanding and criticizing the relationship between nature and society under the capitalist system。American scholar Matthew T. Huber directly defended Marx，Mainly pointed out that value theory does not refer to all values，Value is abstract social labor，But it is also abstracted from nature。Paul Burkett, Foster and American scholar, focused on criticizing the representative of Jason W. Moore, "Capitalism in the Network of Life: Ecological and Capital accumulation"。Their criticizing Moore's "new value law" is the value of "expansion"，also pointed out that Moore and others have made a cross -historical error。Value actually appears only after the emergence of a capitalist society。Bet365 lotto review Value is not everything，but different from the use value。When criticizing the ecological criticism of capitalism，It is necessary to correctly understand the inherent natural form in the commodity economy (use value、Specific labor) and value form (exchange value、Abstract labor) dialectical relationship。It is the opposition of this natural form and value form，Only economic and ecological contradictions under the capitalist system have been generated。Japanese scholar Saito Saito also disagrees with Moore's interpretation of Marx，I even thought that Moore was disconnected to solve Marx's original text。Moore not only missed the important form of regulations (the special characteristics of the labor form)，And in a one -dollar theory，Ignore the metabolism between nature -society，In the end, it failed to combine ecological and value theory。

To sum up，Foreign ecological Marxist theoretical theoretical domain mining and deepen Marx ecological thought，Responsible misunderstandings and attacks on Marx。But its own theory still has limitations: one，The abstraction of theoretical discussion ignores the specific characteristics of the ecological revolution，Therefore, it is impossible to propose a feasible ecological revolution plan;，The theoretical and ecological movement practice is out of touch，or，The theoretical guidance effect on practice is very limited。On the other hand, the thought of ecological civilization in my country，Not only did it achieve the innovation and development of Marxist theory，And using my country's socialist system advantage to conduct a series of ecological civilization construction and promote the development of green economy，Fully practiced the harmonious development of human and nature，Contribute Chinese bet365 Play online games power to the resolution of global ecological problems。

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