British and American Marxism is one of the most active branches in foreign Marxism，Many issues in the research on Marxist research。such as，Ecological Marxism, known to the domestic academic community、Feminist Marxism，and analyze the school's Marxism。Where，In the 1970s and 1980s, the "Marxism and Justice" of Tucker Wood and Husami，In the British and American Marxist academic circles, it is gradually transformed into a discussion on Marxist ethics issues。

　　Bet365 lotto review

The study of Marxist ethics in a sense is to explore historical materialism and morality、Ethical relationship issues。Where，The most widely known is，Second International Period，The argument caused by the "orthodox faction" and "correctionism" represented by Kutzki and Bernstein, respectively。In the British and American community，As one of the founders of the analytic school，g. A. Keheng (Gerald Allan Cohen，1941-2019) The discussion of this issue has a continuous and important impact。

Keheng in the early days of academic career，Analysis of the theory of historical materialism in the analysis method。According to the historical materialism theory described by Keheng，The development and change of history are explained due to productivity。But，In a later book，Ke Heng's historical materialism of this version is explaining social history development，and whether human beings can reach the effectiveness of socialism expressed doubt。Ke Heng thinks after defining the basic characteristics of the proletariat，There are no large -scale groups in the world today that meet the basic characteristics bet365 live casino games of the proletariat。This conclusion is to conflict with historical materialism emphasizing class contradictions and class struggles in the process of historical development。This also reflects from one side，Ke Heng has deviated from Marxist's proletarian line，Sit in an isolated and one -sided text to some extent。This has led to him on the issue of socialism，Trip -oriented obsession on the moral level of its legitimacy foundation。

In a series of papers and works，Keheng starts to demonstrate the moral superiority of socialism from the perspective of normative theory。This argument is mainly achieved in the dialogue and argument of liberals represented by Nozic and Roses。In the argument with Nozic，Ke Heng tries to resolve the conflict between self -ownership (freedom) and equality，to achieve freedom and equality; through the criticism of the principle of differentiality of Raers，Keheng believes in a righteous society，"People expect to be equal in material aspects"。

Ke Heng advocates，This equality is not equality in the framework of liberalism，but the socialist beliefs shown in Marx in the "On the Jewish Problem" and other works。Once this equality principle is realized，It can not only correct the inequality caused by the unfavorable conditions of society，It can also correct the differences caused by different talents。Ke Heng's claim largely regard Marxism as a normative theory。This theory starts from some people's "willingness to agree" to build a set of moral and political order。In Keheng's own language，It is the field of "standard Taoism" in methodology。

Ke Heng from justice、Equal angle of the explanation of Marxism has a wide range of influences in the academic community at home and abroad。But，His approach is not only bet365 live casino games different from Marx in the "Principles" in books such as Marx and German Ideology.，Also conflict with Marx's classic expression of historical materialism。So，Some scholars in the English academic community have tried to redefine some basic problems in historical materialism，to achieve the while rectifying Marxist ethics，Traditional status of defending historical materialism。

　　Defense for the proletariat

The theory of proletariat revolution is the core issue in historical materialism，It is also an important symbol of Marxism。American sociologist Parshe once pointed out，Class struggle to Marx is like a bureaucratic issue for Max Weber，Both are key issues in the theory of two thinkers。But，Just as mentioned above，Keheng believes that the subject of the world revolution today has been disintegrated。Malcusce once wrote in vivid strokes in "Unidirectional People"，"If the workers enjoy the same TV show with their boss，patronize the same type of entertainment venues; if the typist is like her employer's daughter, it is fashionable "，It means that the working class is difficult to be called the proletariat。If the proletariat disintegrates，Then the class revolution cannot talk about。

The view of the proletariat's disintegration has been opposed by the British aesthetic community in recent years。Some researchers think，Although there is no large number of unemployment and the poor population in today's world，But the conditions for creating the proletariat still exist。Because of capitalist politics and economic systems, it still cannot solve the problem of differentiation of the rich and poor，Looking at global，Division of the rich and poor not only has not been relieved，Instead, it shows more bet365 best casino games and more serious trend。A large amount of research materials in the field of economics and sociology also display，The number of workers in all walks of life in all walks of life is increasing with the number of people from all walks of life。They rely on the fragile economic system of capitalism，Therefore, it is often on the edge of unemployment。In terms of quality，Although the capitalist society has achieved changes in changes in each passing day，But the essence of the social problem it faces has not changed the qualitative change compared to the era of Marx。British scholar Paul Blackledge therefore declared，Although he did not hold a naive and blind attitude towards the arrival of new society like Antonio Nigri，But he still holds a positive attitude towards Marx's proletarian revolution theory。Brian Leiter, a well -known American philosopher, also believes in an article published in 2015，Unless history has ended，Otherwise, the judgment of "capitalism does not produce its own tomb" is not a congenital truth。

Defense for the proletariat is the key step in the reconstruction of Marxist ethics in recent years。So，After proved that the theory of the proletarian revolution is still valid，Some British and auxiliary scholars try to build a Marxist revolutionary ethics view。Macinol has tried similar jobs in his academic career in his academic career。Maikinsier thinks，Fighting for the free liberation of the proletariat，Let them realize that unity is a means to achieve the purpose，Also their needs。So，Unity is the virtue of the proletariat。Although Mai Golder finally gave up his point of view，But the value of its point of view has been re -discovered and further explained in recent years。For example，bet365 best casino games Blackrick's work in 2012 specifically discussed the Marxist ethics concept that "Marxist ethics is not derived from abstract or universal standards， but produced in specific history、The real life situation and people's struggle to overthrow capitalism to establish a new society， The main content is the freedom with collective self -determination and the unity between people "。Jeff Noonan (Jeff Noonan) also proposed that the socialism demonstrated by Keheng also included two mutual conflict values ​​of community (unity) and equal.，If you follow the basic claims of Marxism，We should defend the community rather than the principle of equality。

​​Visible，In the new recent research in the British and American schools，Scholars' understanding of the methodology and basic ethical principles of Marxist ethics has undergone fundamental changes。Where，In terms of methodology, it shifts from a norm to the way of understanding based on dialectics。This is the case，All ethical categories and moral norms will be understood and constructed based on different times and different civilizations。other，For a long time，It has always troubled scholars' concepts of justice and peace about Marxism，It is also claimed by unity and harmony in life (but these claims do not produce abstraction of some normative，but the category that is compatible with a certain production method and economic level in the process of historical development)。

　　The contradiction between theory and reality

To sum up，In recent years, the British and American academic circles seem to pay more attention to the differences between Marxism and bourgeois philosophy represented by liberalism，Many scholars pay more and more attention to emphasizing its "Marxism" Bet365 app download characteristic when building Marxist ethics。This theory tendency leaves some questions that are worthy of our continued discussion。Where，The most important problem can be summarized as the contradiction between theory and reality。Usually，We always hope that the relationship between theory and reality is in an ideal state，Both can be dialectically unified。But，The actual situation is that the two are often in dislocation。When the same problem also appears in Marxist research，How to deal with it?

Marxism as a theory with strong practical care，In the process of advancing the Sinicization of Marxism, we can achieve local conditions、It is very critical to keep pace with the times。But the more important thing is，This approach must be based on the core theory (historical materialism) that adheres to and maintain Marxism。Marxism does have some theoretical blind spots，This requires future generations to further identify and explain him。but，If we give up the basic proposition of Marxism，Use its name to build some theories that have nothing to do with it，It seems to deviate from the original intention，For example, the practice of some contemporary French aggressive left -wing scholars。Of course，This does not mean to adhere to the dogma。Because of the actual situation，Basic claims of historical materialism still have effectiveness in explaining the changes and development of history。So，Study on the study of Marxist political philosophy or reconstruction of Marxist ethics，All should emphasize the basic status of historical materialism。

　　(This article is the Ministry of Education's Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Fund Project "British and American scholars' reconstruction of Marxist ethics and its Research on China (19yjc710075) in the 21st century"

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy at the School of Humanities at Xiamen University)