In the development of Western social sciences in the 20th century,Everyday bet365 offer issues get historians、Philosopher、Sociologist、General concern and attention from geographers and artists。The reason,Mainly social material production and science、Philosophy、Art and other spiritual productions have profoundly changed people’s lives。On this basis,Criticism of daily bet365 offer has become a new theoretical vision to reflect on and construct the reality of Western society。Western scholars mainly focus on the alienation of capitalist society,Committed to revealing the contradiction and its root causes between the "progress" of capitalist bet365 offer brought about by the development of science and technology and the "regression" of mass bet365 offer。Also thinking about daily bet365 offer within the domain of modernity are theorists of Eastern European neo-Marxism。Differences from Western scholars,They not only focus on material-level activities leading to the alienation of daily bet365 offer,Look at daily bet365 offer as the undifferentiated "concrete totality" of human bet365 offer as a whole,A keen and profound analysis of the contradictions in daily bet365 offer。Eastern European neo-Marxist theorists argue that real social change is not only achieved at the macro level,Changes in daily bet365 offer are also an intrinsic part of social change。
Eastern European neo-Marxism’s concern and emphasis on daily bet365 offer began with Lukács。Lukács regards daily bet365 offer as the undifferentiated "concrete totality" of human objectified activities。In "Aesthetic Properties",He compared daily bet365 offer to a long river。He thinks,This long river is nurtured, nourished and enriched by the higher forms of objectification of human beings,Develop new needs based on this,To form higher activities and results。According to Lukacs’ understanding,Human activities include not only conscious material level activities and spiritual level activities,Also includes comfortable daily-level activities。On the one hand,The results of conscious material activities and spiritual activities will transform into natural ones、Comfortable、Subconscious、Repetitive daily attitudes;On the other hand,Start from the updated daily attitude to form more conscious object-oriented activities。Human beings are living in daily bet365 offer、The dialectical unity of social bet365 offer and spiritual bet365 offer forms its own history and historical self。In this dialectical process,Daily bet365 offer forms a fundamental part,Daily attitude constitutes the starting point of everyone’s activities。
If Lukács constructs the unity of free daily activities and conscious non-daily activities from a positive aspect,The Czech neo-Marxist theorist Kosik distinguished between daily appearances and daily real essence,Reveals the contradiction of daily bet365 offer itself from the negative aspect。He pointed out,“Every human existence or way of being in the world has its daily bet365 offer”,“Everyday bet365 offer is neither private bet365 offer as opposed to public bet365 offer,It is not the so-called vulgar bet365 offer as opposed to a certain elegant official world"。The difference between daily bet365 offer and non-daily bet365 offer does not lie in the form of human existence or the type of activities,It lies in the mechanism of personal bet365 offer organization。Daily bet365 offer as an organization of personal bet365 offer rhythms,Can be repetitive,Can also be complex and predictable;Can be expressed as a "familiar world",It should also be "a world in which individuals can use their own talents and resources to control and calculate its dimensions and potential"。Daily bet365 offer often appears natural、Regular、A repetitive world,And the subjects of daily bet365 offer are replaceable。Kosik advocates the sublation of everyday freedom、Repeatability and Anonymity,Dynamicly realize the unity of daily bet365 offer and history in practice。
The person who truly systematized the theory of daily bet365 offer was Agnes Heller, a representative of the Budapest School who was deeply influenced by Lukács。Her original intention of writing "Everyday bet365 offer" was during the era of revival of Marxism she experienced,Maintain “faithfulness to the spirit of Marx” by outlining a new philosophical framework。There is some similarity between her views and Kosik,Believe that there are certain constants in the patterns of daily bet365 offer,But it still has the possibility of changing in the direction of democratization。via Hegel、Marx and Lukács,Heller creatively applied the objectification category and the category of essence to her theoretical framework of daily bet365 offer。She divides human bet365 offer into "objectification of class essence in itself" and "objectification of class essence for itself",And the field of "objectification in and of itself" between the two。Daily bet365 offer of “objectification of class essence in itself”,Constitutes the "basic field" of social reproduction,It is “a collection of individual reproduction factors that simultaneously make social reproduction possible”。These three major areas are all areas in which "all people" participate,It’s just that they each have their own dominant organizational bet365 offer mechanism。Everyday bet365 offer is of course composed of language、The mechanism and cultural model of organizational bet365 offer in which repetitive practices and repetitive thinking forms are dominated by norms and rules such as objects and habits,But it is not completely inert and closed,It also has the characteristics of creative practice and creative thinking,To prevent daily bet365 offer from becoming too burdensome。It is the dual characteristics of repetition and creativity in the objectification process,Only in daily bet365 offer can change be possible。The transformation of daily bet365 offer does not mean abandoning the repetitive thinking and repetitive practices that can sustain human survival,But it is committed to transforming the subjects of daily bet365 offer from being-in-itself to being-for-itself。In other words,The transformation of daily bet365 offer is to transcend the given state,Promoted from "characteristic person" to "individual personality",By cultivating the total human individual,Turn human bet365 offer into "existence for us",Turn the earth into the "home" of mankind。Heller follows the path of Lukács and Kosik as he explores daily bet365 offer,Contributed unique and far-reaching theoretical paradigms and ideological achievements to Eastern European neo-Marxism。
Among the representatives of neo-Marxism in Eastern Europe,Leszek Kolakovsky also contributed a unique theory of daily bet365 offer。Although Kolakovsky does not have a systematic theory of daily bet365 offer,But he used his own theoretical practice to set an example for people to be the subject of daily bet365 offer。From his daily bet365 offer notes,We see both the individual as a philosopher and the individual in everyday bet365 offer。On the one hand,Kolakovsky regards daily bet365 offer as the soil and foundation of conscious spiritual production,Return to daily bet365 offer and inner bet365 offer and its richness to philosophize;On the other hand,He constantly tries to abandon the spontaneity of everyday bet365 offer,Promote every individual in daily bet365 offer to a state of conscious and reflective daily bet365 offer subject。In his opinion,If critical theory cannot awaken the subject’s conscious awareness,Criticism that cannot be weaponized and connected to human actions。Kolakovsky places philosophical themes in a general sense within the richness of everyday bet365 offer that is relevant to everyone,It is to "driving" every person in daily bet365 offer to become the "subject" of their own bet365 offer。
The daily bet365 offer criticism of Eastern European neo-Marxism is a theoretical product that focuses on the living world。In this world,Only then can people and their real survival activities and creative activities be carried out。Therefore,Its focus is not to construct external education or even rule from a rational height,It is the inner cultural enlightenment rooted in human bet365 offer activities。On the one hand,These theorists examine the general stipulations and essential characteristics of daily bet365 offer from a philosophical perspective,Being at ease、Criticize and transcend repetitive areas of human objectification activities。On the other hand,They explore “pure” thinking into the depths of daily bet365 offer,Abandon non-reflective daily bet365 offer schemas and cultural models,Promote people to enter a reflective and conscious state of existence。It can be seen from two aspects,Eastern European neo-Marxist theorists attach great importance to the significance and value of daily bet365 offer changes in exploring individual freedom and human liberation。
Daily bet365 offer is always the basis of social development、The stable "foundation" and "human condition" embedded in the overall human bet365 offer。Facing today’s increasingly complex world picture and survival challenges,The critical reconstruction of everyday bet365 offer is increasingly important。The transformation of daily bet365 offer centered on people’s own modernization and individual generation,It is a micro-scale to measure social change and human historical development。However,Criticism of daily bet365 offer only reflects on the overall human social reality from one aspect of social bet365 offer,While highlighting the aspects of daily bet365 offer,There are limitations that obscure other social aspects。Therefore,We must not imagine that all real problems in society can be solved only through changes in daily bet365 offer。
(This article is a phased result of the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities Special Fund Project "Research on Neo-Marxist Social Critical Theory in Eastern Europe" (3072020CFJ1307)
(Author’s unit: School of Humanities, Harbin Engineering University)
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