Frankfurt School, known for critical theory，Forms a "star bush" composed of different criticisms，"Civilization" in this star's critical criticism runs through，It mainly presents dialectics、Psychoanalysis and inter -subjective triple path。Study the path of the Frankfurt School's critical of "civilization" and their lack，It has a certain significance of scientific research on expanding China's foreign Marxist research。

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In the Frankfurt School，Hawkheimer and Adono jointly created the dialectical path of "civilization" critical。In their opinion，"In dialectical thinking，Everything is what it is，At the same time, it is transformed to non -item "，"Enlightenment Dialectics" is criticized by the transformation of civilization to "non -item"。Their focus is the development of human civilization，By generalized the concept of enlightenment，Discussing human beings from barbaric to civilization，From civilization to barbaric development process。Hawkheimer and Adono's enlightenment and myths in the process of "collapse of contemporary bourgeois civilization"、The relationship between enlightenment and rule，shows us the enlightenment step by step into the myth and enlightenment step by step, becoming the new rule of reverse logic。

Hawkheimer and Adono set the program of enlightenment as "get rid of myths，Use knowledge instead of fantasy "，The realization of this program has created a bourgeois civilization。With the enhancement of the human subject's strength，The world of mythology bet365 best casino games is broken，Reason replaced the sacred image of God，But it has become a new sacred image，Human beings have fallen into new myths。Reunion is the Enlightenment of Myth，It also means that the bourgeois civilization has become a new mythical world，In this world，"Myth has been secularized"，Worship is the biggest myth of secularization，The criticism of civilization has finally become a criticism of product worship。

In the backward backward from civilization to barbaric，Enlightenment has not only become a new myth，Become a rule，This brings this backward to humans brings disaster。Here here in Hawkheimer and Adono，Enlightenment spirit is the spiritual nature of human society entering civilization，"Get rid of fear，Establish autonomy "。"Enlightenment Dialectics" begins with Bacon's "Knowledge is Power" as the main purpose of enlightenment，and further explain that the bourgeoisie has transformed knowledge into technology，Then the power becomes a kind of power，"Technology is power" is the "truth" of bourgeois civilization。"Knowledge is not satisfied with showing the truth to people，Only ‘operation’。"The enlightenment of" dominant power "is to dominate all things，and by "acting on human existence and consciousness"。So，Enlightenment not only makes nature and human destiny，and the entire human civilization has fallen into the disaster caused by self -recruitment。This kind of disaster is not only manifested as enlightenment rational degradation into tool rationality，The logic of numbers spread from the field of production to the field of mass culture，It has become "Enlightenment of Volkswagen deception"，It is more manifested as the combination of enlightenment rationality Bet365 lotto review and totalitarianism，Eventually, the emergence of the Oschidin concentration camp with the most extreme expression of the same sexual consciousness in reality，Human civilization is completely shrouded in disaster，Going to your own opposite。

　　"Civilized" critical psychoanalysis path

Psychoanalysis path is another path created by the first generation of Frankfurt scholars to criticize "civilization"，The pioneer in this path represented by Malcuscer has started to criticize the civilization of developed industrial society from the relationship between civilization and instinct，And this criticism mainly depends on psychoanalysis theory。Malkase said clearly，"Love Lust and Civilization" "It aims to contribute to psychoanalytic philosophy rather than psychoanalysis itself"。In this sense，Malcuscer has turned the category of psychology into political issues，Psychoanalysis theory was introduced into social critical theory，It has become a total analysis of the times，Criticizing the progress of developed industrial civilization and the combination of slavery questioned its legality and rationality。

Where Freud，Civilization and instincts are conflict，Because the entire modern civilization is represented by bourgeois civilization，This is a kind of civilization with "working -towards labor" based on the principle of reality，Malcuscer's selection of the conflict between instinct and civilization has demonstrated the actual needs of people for the pursuit of civilization。In his opinion，The reason why people sacrifice instinctively pursuing the pursuit of happiness and pursue civilization，Not because people don’t want happiness，but because of the development of production and technology，Living conditions are bet365 live casino games better，People can get more satisfaction、Live a better life。And the problems that emerge in today's era are the acceleration of progress and the increasing connection between unrealistic，and become a common phenomenon in the entire industrial civilization world。

The change from the principle of happiness to realistic principles indicates the development process from instinct to civilization，There is a depression in the conversion from the principles of happiness to reality.。But this depression is "basic depression"，From the perspective of Malcusce，Not basic depression that occurs if there is a problem，but "extra depression"，Extra depression follows the operating principles of "current historical forms of realistic principles"。It is precisely because of the popularity of the operating principles，Make this time "as if it can make people build a truly free world", but "the most effective conquest and destruction of people"。This moment is called "the top of civilization" by Malcuscelsa，It is the reason for "those people" to accept rule，For example, scarce、Disappearing time to disappear，can be at this moment，With the progress of human civilization and the development of science and technology，What people see are the restrictions of the instinct of the operation and the restriction of human instincts and freedom，Freedom and slavery should naturally be combined。It is also based on this consideration，Malcuscey focuses on survival and existence to discuss liberation issues，Since the economic and political way can no longer awaken people's seeking for this social liberation，He resorted to psychological factors to investigate its impact on the development of human civilization，I also hope to reverse from from bet365 Play online games depressed civilization to non -pressure -induced civilization progress，Find the possibility of establishing true freedom。

　　"Civilized" criticism of the subjective path

Scholars from the first generation of Frankfurt School of Frankfurt School of Frankfurt and Instinct and Civilization.，Habermas's inquiry about civilization is starting from the inside，What he focuses on exploring modernity，And this is a problem that accompanied by the development of European civilization and generated in the European civilization。Discuss its destiny，In fact, it is exploring the fate of civilization。Habermas criticized the "civilization" and adopted the path of the main body，"The normative connotation of modernity can be interpreted only under the sign of the subject"。He tries to via such a path，Reconstruction in the enlightenment that has collapsed in Hawkheimer and Adono，to find a path beyond modern civilization。

Hegel regards the principle of the freedom of the subjective as a modern society，In modern society，The freedom of the subjectivity is mainly reflected at the priority level，The freedom of the person at the experience level is still liberalized。The dual existence of the person as the main body and the subject of the experience of a person，and the freedom of the priority subject and the inadequateness of the experience subject are in the same process，How to make up for the gap between the two，is a question for Habermas's thinking。Habermas to resort to the inter -subjectivity of this problem，Emphasize that individuals "can only be integrated into the world of life between one subject，Only the main body of language and behavior "，Try to start with a different body paradigm from the main body paradigm bet365 live casino games of the traditional consciousness philosophy，Complete the modernity of modernity。

In the process of completing modernity，Habermas's inspection of organized capitalist society，The legalization crisis that is closely related to the subject as the subject is regarded as a special crisis in this society，"Overcoming the crisis means that the subjects in crisis are liberated"。The subject of liberation into crisis，Need to be implemented through dialogue and communication，This is the two most core content related to the subject of the subject，The realization of the two needs to resort to the language of "acting with words"，Because language is not only the need for dialogue between subjects，It is the need for the interaction between subjects。Habermas built a "ideal story" with his words ethics，Culture for the reason、Society、The mutual understanding and communication between the subject composed of individuals provides possibilities。

Abado said when talking about the criticism of the body theory，"It's not a high -end referee this ontology，Instead, it is necessary to understand it and criticize it internally "，This is also applicable to critical criticism of the "civilization" of the Frankfurt School。The triple path of the Frankfurt School criticized "civilization"，Highlighting civilization and barbaric、Civilization and instincts、The relationship between civilization and modernity，Criticized the price of modern civilization to make humans pay and the disaster brought to humans，Find the direction of reversing modern civilization and the possibility of building a new civilization。but，Due to the limitations of their theory itself，This criticism only stays in absolute negation and opposition，Construction Bet365 lotto review is too ideal and stay away from reality。In this sense，To start a real criticism of modern civilization，still need to return to Marx's political economy critical。And the Frankfurt School's criticism of Marx's political economy is gradually away from，It may be the root cause of the lack of "civilization" criticism。

　　(Author Unit: Centers for Basic Theoretical Research Research at Jilin University)