Contemporary Italian Marxist scholars have formed a very distinctive faction when discussing the issue of "bonus bet365"。They have inherited Marx’s idea of ​​bonus bet365 to a certain extent，But they did not realize that the root cause of the bonus bet365's dilemma lies in the inability of "atomistic" individuals in civil society to connect into a real bonus bet365，The union of free people in the Marxist sense。

　　First，Contemporary Italian Marxist scholars’ views on the conditions for maintaining a bonus bet365 or the purpose of its existence are different from traditional political philosophy。Political philosophers in the traditional sense starting from ancient Greece have placed politics in a very lofty position，Believe that the maintenance of the bonus bet365 is not only due to the pressure of survival or the need for interests，There is a higher purpose。Contemporary Italian Marxist scholars hold a negative attitude towards this higher good。Although some sociologists have also proposed that the existence of a bonus bet365 does not necessarily have a higher good，And it can be maintained only by profit，But the way Italian philosophers discuss the purpose of bonus bet365 is different，They do not believe that interests are the basis for maintaining the bonus bet365。They both agree that common good is false，Although they understand what the bonus bet365 depends on to be maintained differently。Agamben believes that this higher good is a disguise，Hidden under this disguise is naked life，What the bonus bet365 truly relies on is an inclusive and exclusive structure。And Esposito thinks，The maintenance of the bonus bet365 depends on responsibility，An internal responsibility that is isolated from the outside world。Both Agamben and Esposito’s thoughts on bonus bet365 see the need for people to rely on a separation to distinguish between inside and outside，Then imagine and confirm interiority through exteriority。For Negri and Hardt，The maintenance of the bonus bet365 depends on a commonality and a common goal of struggle，The gathering of the masses is a passive bonus bet365 abandoned by modern politics。

　　Second，Political philosophy、Sociological bonus bet365 theories all believe that a bonus bet365 must correspond to an entity，The contemporary bonus bet365 of Italian Marxist scholars does not have an entity。Contemporary Italian Marxist scholars are concerned about another basic issue of bonus bet365，The relationship between the individual and the overall is discussed，They believe that the relationship between the individual and the overall is not necessarily contradictory。The question of whether there is an entity is closely related to the question of the relationship between individuals and the whole，Precisely because the bonus bet365 of political philosophy and sociology is always specifically related to the concept of bonus bet365 in a certain historical period，Always corresponds to a certain entity，Or there is always an inevitable contradiction between the individual and the aggregate in practice。Italian Marxist scholars are different，Their idea of ​​bonus bet365 is not some kind of bonus bet365 that corresponds to reality，But facing new possibilities in the future。

Agamben emphasizes the uniqueness of bonus bet365 members，He emphasized that people can only create a new bonus bet365 by joining hands，There is no distinction between internal and external members of this bonus bet365，There is no recognition or identity，There is no inclusive and exclusive structure for each other。Negri also emphasized the uniqueness of bonus bet365 members，Hope to realize bonus bet365 production among the diverse masses。Esposito emphasized that people cannot always exclude the danger of presupposed heterogeneity from the bonus bet365，The bonus bet365 should allow the bonus bet365 to accept heterogeneous members as much as possible，Just like people also acquire immune function from viruses，The bonus bet365 will grow bigger and bigger in this immune system，Instead of killing all dangerous and heterogeneous members as early as possible。In short，They both emphasize that the bonus bet365 should recognize and accept the diversity of its members。

　　Third，Italian Marxist scholars all criticize the old bonus bet365 from the perspective of biopolitics，Propose your own true view of bonus bet365。But their respective ways of realizing bonus bet365 are different。Agamben describes capitalist society as a society of spectacle，He hopes to realize the inseparable bonus bet365 of form and life through potential。Hart and Negri call the bourgeois bonus bet365 an empire，They hope to achieve a new bonus bet365 through "leaving"。Esposito hopes to break the biopolitics of death through immunity。

Hardt and Negri hope that the public will expand commonality，By increasing subject consciousness，Realize the rebellion against the empire。How does Esposito connect immunity and bonus bet365？First，The root words of immunity and bonus bet365 are both mumus，That is, responsibility。Esposito first connected the two through etymology。Secondly，Immunity is not just discussed at the individual level，Also from the bonus bet365。At the same time, immunity is the intermediary between the individual and the bonus bet365，It is the regulator that maintains the balance and stability of the bonus bet365。Also，Immunity is the protection mechanism of the bonus bet365，It is also the construction mechanism of the bonus bet365。final，bonus bet365 is the same as the immune system，Both require constructing or imagining an externality，to form one’s own interiority。And Agamben realizes the inseparable bonus bet365 of form and life through potential。This potential is not the ability to do anything，But the ability not to do it。

Generally speaking，Esposito’s bonus bet365 theory was inspired by Derrida、Haraway’s influence，Connect immunity theory with bonus bet365 theory，Provides a unique direction for biopolitics。But what he still needs to respond to is，To what extent is it safe for people to absorb and adapt to others who are different。Or，Is there a need for a standard to measure the threat index of different things，Accept within a certain range of threat index，This will not lead to the situation of being killed by external threats before the immune system has taken effect。For example, in the face of a huge threat like the new coronavirus，What should people do？

Agamben’s approach to bonus bet365 theory is influenced by Aristotle、Dante、Kojève、Bataille、Nancy、Blanchot’s inspiration。He started from the traditional propositions of political philosophy，Starting from the issue of the relationship between individual and overall，With Bataille、Nancy is different from French thinkers such as Blanchot，The bonus bet365 of French thinkers emphasizes emotion，Emphasis on the flow of individual life，What Agamben hopes is a bonus bet365 that lacks individual vitality and abides by certain overall norms。But the problem Agamben still has not solved is，Why can potential be realized in a bonus bet365？Although he responded to this issue to a certain extent by mentioning that the individual and the whole cannot be separated，But the reasons why communities can realize their potential are still not fully discussed。Also，He believes in waiting for the time when the Messiah will come，What else can human beings do in reality before the coming of the Messiah，Agamben did not give an answer。

Hardt and Negri’s bonus bet365 theory was influenced by Spinoza。There is also the question of the extent to which their communities retain their uniqueness，Like Esposito and Agamben, they pursue a bonus bet365 that emphasizes heterogeneity，But how to truly bypass the contradiction between the individual and the overall to achieve harmony between the two，None of them gave good answers。Is commonality required，How to achieve commonality in heterogeneity，They are unable to respond。Also，Negri’s idea of ​​bonus bet365 hopes to replace the old bonus bet365 with a bonus bet365 of shared property and power，How to implement it，A decentralized one，The path that opposes the country and political parties is utopian。Although Hart、Negri, like Agamben, is unwilling to admit that his thoughts are utopian，But they are actually waiting for an event to come to achieve liberation。

If the Enlightenment philosophers liberated the legitimacy of the bonus bet365 from God，Give an abstract contract，So whether it is British utilitarianism，Still German historicism and Marxism，All have been liberated from this abstraction。Although Rawls brought back this abstract political philosophy tradition，But contemporary Italian Marxist scholars once again break with abstraction in this case，Remind people to understand the legitimacy of the bonus bet365 from social relations，In this sense, we inherit the tradition of Marxism。Also，Italian Marxist scholars have transcended the bonus bet365 thinking of traditional political philosophy and sociology，The latter’s idea of ​​bonus bet365 is always based on civil society。But Italian Marxist scholars do not regard civil society as the final form of bonus bet365，Opposite，As a development stage，In this sense, it breaks through the dilemma that the individual and the whole are always in opposition to a certain extent，Inherited Marx’s idea of ​​bonus bet365 to a certain extent。

Sadly，Italian Marxist scholars did not realize the fundamental crux of the bonus bet365 problem，The bonus bet365 solution they proposed is also utopian。The bonus bet365 solution proposed by Marx，That is communism，Not a utopian imagination，It is generated in civil society but transcends it。Marx analyzed three forms of bonus bet365 in pre-capitalist society，In these three forms, people exist as members of a bonus bet365 rather than as atomized individuals，Wholeness is more original than individuality。This wholeness is eliminated in the capitalist bonus bet365，Communities based on atomic individuals have problems manifesting themselves as totalitarianism or bonus bet365 decay，And communism is the call for wholeness，Proposed from the height of historical materialism。In this sense，The concept of bonus bet365 proposed by Italian Marxist scholars is still far inferior to Marx。

　　(Author’s affiliation: Department of Philosophy, Nanjing University)