Since the 1970s，As a direct response to the "May Storm" movement and Western Marxism，A grand social trend of thought that conducts a broader critique of modernity has emerged in contemporary French academic circles。Although most contemporary French critical theorists are not defenders of orthodox Marxism，But they still think，Marx is the theoretical pioneer of the critique of modernity。In their opinion，As the "highest peak" of historical materialism theory，"Das Kapital" is still an unavoidable ideological resource for us to discuss issues of modernity today。This view is further confirmed in Piketty's "Capital in the 21st Century"，Piketty’s judgment bet365 apuestas new stage of development of Western capitalism，At the same time, it further confirms the contemporary value of "Das Kapital"。Compared with early Western Marxism’s emphasis on overall logic，Contemporary French critical theory for its anti-essentialism、Anti-reductionism、Anti-historicist ideological proposition，Thus showing diversity、Fragmentation、Theoretical characteristics such as heterogeneity，Called "post-structural", "post-modern" and "ultimate modern"，It has largely caused the misreading of "Das Kapital"。

1st，An important direction of contemporary French critical theory，By emphasizing the universal premise of general political economy，Attempting to dismantle the historical materialist foundation of "Das Kapital"，Thus basing Marx on material production、The historical analysis of the laws of capitalist economic movement has changed to one based on the production of meaning、General economic discussion applicable to all social forms。There are two basic approaches here: one is like Bataille，Get inspiration from anthropological research，Place symbolic exchange that is different bet365 apuestas principle of utilitarianism at the center of universal social life，Then explore the general anthropology beyond capitalist civilization；The second is to be like Lyotard，Based on changes in environmental conditions such as the contemporary scientific and technological revolution，Examining the logical flaws of modernity from a postmodern perspective。It is worth mentioning，On the road of criticism of general political economy，Baudrillard went the most thorough way，He is also the most pointed critic of Marx，He continues Bataille’s theory of symbolic exchange。In "The Mirror of Production"，He criticized a series of concepts such as "use value" and "exchange value" in "Das Kapital"，The intention is to completely deny the material production premise of historical materialism，Replace it with a political economy of signs focused on the production of meaning。Start from here，The criticism of general political economy has completely lost its basic attributes as a historical science，Eventually transformed into a kind of romantic criticism。

Second，Scientific epistemology，That is, the new philosophical paradigm of interpreting "Das Kapital" bet365 apuestas perspective of French new epistemology。This was pioneered by Althusser、A unique way to interpret "Das Kapital" bet365 apuestas perspective of French new epistemology，For his student Badiou、Inherited by Mashere and others。Althusser pointed out clearly，His reading of Capital is a philosophical reading，That is, reading on epistemology and methodology，It is different from reading "Das Kapital" as an economics analysis of the laws of capitalist economic movement，It is also different from analyzing the specific theoretical space contained in "Das Kapital" from a specialized field。Badiou continued his teacher’s ideas，In his opinion，Read "Das Kapital" in a "theoretical practice" way，The core is to extract a general theory that makes Marx's theory scientific bet365 apuestas criticism of historical materialism and political economy，i.e. dialectical materialism；The scientific framework of dialectical materialism should even be elaborated on the axiom system of geometry and set theory。It should be said，The interpretation path of scientific epistemology is conducive to restoring the holistic vision of Marxism，bet365 apuestas original separate philosophies、Economics、The perspective of political science advances to Marxism as "a whole piece of steel"。The problem brought about at the same time is，It merely identifies the complexity of the problem，Without a profound interpretation of the issue itself of "the method of Capital"。

　Third，Space-time expansion，That is, criticizing the dynamic layout of capital relations bet365 apuestas two dimensions of time and space。Contemporary French critical theory affirms the theoretical essence of Marx’s historical dialectics，Discuss the new changes in capitalism not bet365 apuestas perspective of “objects” but bet365 apuestas perspective of “social relations”。But in their opinion，Contemporary capitalist production has far exceeded the geographical space of the 19th century，Completed self-deployment in both dimensions of time and space。For example，For Lefebvre, who promoted the "spatialization" turn in historical materialist research，What Marx saw was material production under certain time and space constraints，On this basis, Lefebvre saw that capitalist production itself is a production process that constantly transcends the limitations of geographical space。According to Lefebvre’s idea，“Space” is not only the historical result of social production relations，It is also its ontological basis or necessary premise，The highest form of Marx’s historical dialectics is the dialectics of “space production”。It can be seen，Contemporary French critical theorists are often able to keenly capture the new changes and trends in contemporary capitalism，A certain explanation of the contemporary development of capital logic，But limited by the limitations of stance and methods，It is difficult to reveal the social and historical nature of these new changes and trends，But we can only think about it bet365 apuestas perspective of capital power construction。

　Fourth，Criticism of power，That is, emphasizing the organizational power dimension of political economy criticism。Either emphasizing the social and political foundation of capitalist production bet365 apuestas macro dimension，Or expand the biopolitical theory based on body control from a microscopic perspective，Criticism of power has always been an important way for contemporary French critical theory to interpret "Das Kapital" and then criticize modernity。Bidai thinks，The concepts of "value" and "labor force" expounded by Marx in "Das Kapital" are not only economic concepts，And it is a social and political concept，Only value formation and labor consumption can be examined in specific social production，Giving economic concepts a social form，Only by truly understanding the intrinsic relationship between market logic and capital logic。Although Foucault is not a Marxist，But in texts such as "Discipline and Punishment"，Through the creative interpretation of the "commodification of labor force" and "collaboration and division of labor" in "Das Kapital"，Intended to explain the micro power basis of capital rule and capitalist governance system。

Overall，Contemporary French academic circles interpret "Das Kapital" bet365 apuestas above four paths，There are classic explanations based on text analysis，There are also “theoretical innovations” based on the discussion of major practical issues，These theoretical efforts have certain academic value。Although different thinkers have different bases for their arguments，Different theoretical interests，Even within the same school, there are great differences in ideological views，But it also shows some common characteristics。One，They all emphasize the status and contemporary value of "Das Kapital" in intellectual history，Advocates facing the new development of contemporary capitalism with Marx’s critical spirit and scientific attitude。Part 2，They can keenly capture the new changes and trends of contemporary capitalism in different fields，Always emphasize that there are structural contradictions at all levels in contemporary capitalism。Part Three，They all borrow from other Western ideological and cultural resources，Carry out interdisciplinary research around "Das Kapital"，And then develop Marx’s critical theory of capitalism into a more ambitious critical theory of modern society。

However，Although contemporary French critical theories all reflect the radical critical stance of “beyond Marx”，But in terms of its theoretical nature，But it is a return to the "revolution of words" criticized by Marx。In the perspective of historical materialism，Proletarian liberation and communist revolution are both based on the inherent contradictory movements of capitalism。Marx spent a lot of energy writing "Das Kapital"，Exploring the laws of capitalist economic movement based on the general laws of human historical development，The purpose is to seek a solid theoretical foundation for scientific socialism。Looking at contemporary French critical theory，It directly denies the scientific nature of Marx’s internal critical path，Instead, seek romanticized transcendence bet365 apuestas outside。Whether it is a critique of political economy in a broad sense，Still a critique of power，Once separated from specific social and historical analysis、Leave aside the class analysis method，Any pursuit of an ideal society in the future will become a rootless pursuit。Further details，Contemporary French critical theory launches a struggle against essentialism in the name of particularity，Little did he know that he was trapped in the study of specific empirical phenomena。They deny the laws of history，Always use individual fields or new phenomena to accuse the scientific nature of historical materialism，Therefore, fragmented logic and utopian revolution have always become the final destination of contemporary French critical theory。

(This article is a phased result of the 67th batch of general funding bet365 apuestas China Postdoctoral Science Foundation "Research on Jacques Biday's Critical Theory of Modernity" (2020M671590))

(Author’s affiliation: bet365 apuestas of Politics and Public Administration, Suzhou University)