In the history of Western thought，Utopia refers to "a beautiful black place"，Dual dimension with both ideals and fantasy。However，Bloch、Malgassy and others are represented by people，Forming a tide of utopia。They try to equate utopia with socialism，This move is not only ridiculous，They "ignore the historical development of the proletariat"，"Survival of the Social Sciences and Social Sciences"; and it is futile，The idea of ​​any revival utopian is just a kind of fanatic fantasy。

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early 20th century，In the Western Ideological World，A group of liberal theorists set off a wave of anti -utopia。In their opinion，historical action named "Utopia Movement"，No happiness that has been allowed to allow people，Instead, the heaviest disaster in human history has caused。Because they will be equal to the utopian and socialist paintings，Therefore, not only does the utopian be suspicious，And the legitimacy of socialism is also eroded。As a refutation method，A group of Western Marxists did not clear the boundaries between socialism and utopia，Instead, try to give the utopian concept with legitimacy，The "socialist salvation" they think of it is "socialist redemption"。

Traditional Utopia Theory Perseverance on specific and exquisite political Bet365 app download design，Planning many funny "social blueprints" in the name of a community。"Utopians" neatly planned clothing、Gorgeous urban planning of Sun City、Farahi Nishi dining table twelve exquisite dishes，From Falenstel to Little Igalia，These "fantasies of class struggle" are reminding Western Marxists，Utopia was originally "the hometown of Wuyou"。They realized these problems，But solve it by self -deception -since the traditional utopian is illusory，Then reconstruct a new Utopia。

Bolk、Marcase、Jameson and others are trying to establish a contact between Marxism and Unreal "Utopia Spirit"。For the real Marxist，The positive significance of Utopia is only that it is a valuable material that once inspired workers' awareness。In other words，Only Utopia is legal in the sense of prehistoric history; but for Western Marxists，Utopia has become "universal elixir"。At the theoretical level，They ignore the illusion of utopia，Only recognizes its ideals，The concept of Utopia becomes the value scale of all evaluations。On the real level，These new "Utopiaists" try to change the state of human survival of the human society alienated after the awakening of utopian spirit and radical cultural criticism。

　　Three basic methods of reconstruction of utopia

Generally speaking，Western Marxists reconstruct the Utopia concepts in three ways。

The first way is the "body theory" reconstruction of speculative，It was also completed through the phenomenon of utopian and utopian spirit。From Bet365 app download the view of Bloch，The reason why people have action，It is driven by impulse; "hunger" is the most basic impulse，Therefore, people always "expect" something to eliminate "hunger"; things that "expect" are things that exist in reality，This "expectation" is "hope"。Broh believes that this "Hope Consciousness" pointed to "unprecedented existence" is the core of the utopian spirit，As an instinct structure that generates human action，All progress appearing in history、Revolutionary thoughts and actions are "utopia"。But when Broch breaks out "impulse" when "physical" presented in the way of body theory，It has already laid the idealism of the dual theory of idealism。Utopia spirit may be hidden in the past history in a spiritual way，But that really promotes the development of social history，It can only be a real material force。

The second method is the "aesthetic" type of psychological "aesthetic"，Completed through the critical aesthetic utopian。Malkase thinks，The disease of the western society is the "extra depression" brought by the capitalist system，Technically created an external power in turn to slavery and oppressive people; the desire to create false in consumption requires stimulating people; the essence is additional depression that limits the scope of activity of "love"，Therefore, the liberation of people is the liberation of "love"。On the question of how to achieve "love" liberation，Malcuscese moved out of bet365 best casino games "utopia" as "magic weapon"，Proposed the instinctual revolutionary theory with the reconstruction of the aesthetic utopian。One aspect，Aesthetic utopian is mental，It is manifested as overthrowing mechanical stereotypes、Copy artistic creation mode，The uniqueness and "spirit rhyme" of restoration of art。On the other hand，It is also used as the program and principles of political operations，If the proletarian revolution is replaced by the "Instinct Revolution" and "Cultural Revolution"。As a result, this aesthetic utopian cannot change reality，Because of simple aesthetic redemption as a spiritual force, the lack of fundamentality of changes in material life，The relationship between the economic foundation and the upper building is reversed。At the same time，It cannot achieve real criticism and transcendence，Because the homogeneous social reality of homogenization in the post -capitalist society cannot give the anticipated reserved space。

The third method is the conceptual "conversion" type retaining，Complete by playing with the concept of concept。Russell Jacob is believed to have exhausted power，But "Utopia for Anti -idol worship" should be revived。The targets pointed to the Liberal Critical Council are all kinds of "blueprints" utopia tradition in history。In the tradition of Jewish anti -idol worship, another special utopian paradigm，It does not depict the specific social blueprint，Refusal Language、Refusal Bet365 lotto review image，Describe the ideal life in a negative manner。However, this blindly insisting on the Utopia，Avoid any positive political program，In fact, it also causes people to fall into political indifference and incompetence，This kind of utopian theory that lacks constructive significance is also more out of "the foundation of the real life world" than the traditional Utopia。

　Criticism and reflection of Utopia Reconstruction

Western Marxists No matter what the way they reconstruct the utopian，Its basic positions are "utopia"，is illusory and enthusiastic。Liberal perspective, think，If history is predictable，Then history has drawn an end in the era of capitalism; if history is unpredictable，Then all social ideals at best are just a "myth" or myth。But the problem of this claim is，The "Earth Heaven" promised in the capitalist era is the real fantasy，The social and historical trajectory of realism has shown that history is far from the end; the regularity of human social history has also been proven by objective facts。Therefore，Refutting liberal prosecution does not require a road to utopia，Utopia's reconstruction is worthy of affirmation if you consciously realize that the "illusion" of utopia has。Otherwise，The so -called utopian reconstruction is the solution of the law of social development，Specifies the fundamental connection between social ideals and social reality，I exaggerate the meaning of "utopia" as a social ideology。

Western Marxist utopian reconstruction is a response Bet365 app download to the criticism of Western socialist critical in the 20th century，But no matter what kind of reconstruction method，It is impossible to succeed。They still treat utopian as a kind of "spiritual、Moral、The basis of freedom "independent existence，Empty goals set out of the real historical development process。Therefore，Compared to "Classical Utopia Tradition"，Western Marxism Utopia Reconstruction is eliminating the limitations of political design，It has also been trapped in a deeper "Difficulties"。As Engels pointed out，Traditional utopian theory lacks the understanding of the opponent，Therefore, it is the imagination。Compared with it，The Utopia of Western Marxists is even more possible。In art、Aesthetics、Architecture、Religious Utopia，Either exists in all reality new things without considering implementation of problems，Either exhausted your last power in the empty ideal of the future。

These "new Utopiaists" realize that the criticism of socialism in the 20th century is ridiculous，Attacks from liberalism can not stand scrutiny, both theoretical and in fact。But these theorists have chosen a "Defense Road" that is upside down，Pseudo -propositions with the legitimacy of the utopia replaced the true proposition of the legitimacy of socialism。Utopia as a beautiful but unrealistic dream，It can only be an interesting and niche cultural branch。These "new Utopiaists" are essentially just a good dreamer，Although there is no more specific bet365 Play online games scene in their dreams，Instead, it is stuffed by foam and hazy illusion。

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy and Social Sciences, Jilin University)