Engels not only revealed the alienation of the economic category in the "Critical Outline of the National Economics"，More importantly，He found the logic of the logic of the mysterious system of the philosophical philosophy of Hegel: from the non -specified specified specified in direct nature to the reality of the specific person，laid the foundation for the historical view of materialism。

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Objectized activity，Philosophy as the emotional activity of perceptual social communication subjects in philosophy，Performance of political economics is objective labor，This is the self -activity of the real subject。Criticism of philosophy and political economics is logically consistent，Through reality specific -theoretical abstraction -theoretical specific，Reunion returns to reality and specific，The cycle of "specific -abstraction -specific" of the objectized activity finds the logic where the logic occurs in history，Complete the dialectics of thinking and history in objective activities。The beginning of its logic is the "perceptual -objectivity" determined by Engels through the economic foundation of perceptual entities，Because Engels and Ferbaha reversed the dialectics of Hegel from the mysterious and irregular specifications，Determination of emotional，Refirmation and truthful "abstraction -specific -abstract" logic system of rationalism，Hegel is in the exhibition of this logical system，The unity bet365 Play online games of the "self -consciousness" recovered from the object consciousness through the "consciousness" with object consciousness，Make the rational self -awareness realize its own certainty and truth，Towards "things itself"。The ideas of Engels and Ferbaha are consistent，The logic of dialectics must be re -determined to determine its certainty，That is "perceptual -objectivity"。Only at the beginning of the logic of "perceptual -objectivity"，Only in order to penetrate the specific bourgeois society，Analyze the reality of the private ownership of capitalist private。

at 1843-1844，Ferbaha thought reversed Hegel's rational theology through perceptual intuitive，pointed out the four -appearance appearance of "City of God"。Time in Hegel's philosophy，Falbaha's bold attempts can be described as Shi Bo Tian Jing。This theory of grounding has set a look at the difficult and obscure defects of the philosophy of speculation。Engels was influenced by Ferbaha's emotional intuitive logic。In the "Critical Outline of National Economics"，Engels said: "It is this reversal that constitutes the abstract essence。About this，Please refer to Ferbaha's work。"" in "Sacred Family"，He said: "But，Who exposed the secret of 'system'? Is Ferbaha。Who destroyed the dialectics of the concept is the war of the gods that are familiar to philosophers? Is Ferbaha。Who is not using 'meaning of people' (as if people have any other meaning in addition to people), but use the 'person' themselves to replace the tattered goods including 'unlimited self -consciousness' Woolen cloth?，And just Ferbaha。"" "，Engels was influenced by Ferbaha，"Spirit、Thinking、The concept bet365 best casino games is the original thing，And the real world is just the writing of ideas。This starting point has been abandoned by Ferbaha "。Visible，To fully get rid of Hegel's spiritual magic，Engels recognizes the credit of Ferbaha's reversal concept and reality，and the "perceptual -objective" of Ferbaha reverse Hegel's speculative logic as the starting point of the logic，Development of criticism of national economics。

　Criticism of capitalist production

Engels's "Critical Critical Outline" opened the road of critical criteria for bourgeois political economy，Unveil the moral hypocrisy of the private ownership、Division of value、The accumulated labor and other must -have social contradictions: "No matter where we turn to，Private ownership will always lead us to contradictions。"Engels successfully excavated the pathology of capital in the physiology of capital，This is the deafening。In the "Critical Outline of National Economics"，Engels for production factors (naturally and humans)、Capital and labor、Private ownership and competition、Analysis of concepts such as productivity and economic crisis，Open a new direction of social reality criticism of perceptual entities。Engels has determined two elements of physical production，That is "nature" and "people"，3080_3100，It is a feature of the harmonious coexistence of man and nature。"We have two production factors -natural and people，The latter also includes his physical activities and spiritual activities。"Engels determined that the physical capital characteristics are" accumulated labor "，Defined that the essence of capital is labor，No labor，There is no capital and a series of derivatives。Bet365 lotto review "Capital and labor are the same thing，Because economists themselves admit that capital is ‘labor’ s labor ’。"Engels revealed the cover of" value "by revealing" price "，I found the theft in the equivalent exchange。He through philosophical abstract things to reverse the specific social reality，The principle of equivalent exchange between entities caused by competition under the premise of private ownership is the hidden principle of theft。"The difference between the actual value and the exchange value is based on the value of the factual items from the so -called equivalent object provided by people in the buying and selling items，means，This equivalent is not equivalent。This so -called equivalent is the price of items。"Engels clarified that" excess production "generated due to productivity is the root of the social crisis。"Excessive production" shattered the false speeches of the capital physiology physiology of political economists who crushed the bourgeoisie，The inverted nature of hiding in the appearance mask hidden in the real society。"In the process of production and development, there must be such a stage，At this stage，Surgery of productivity ... prosperity and crisis、Repeated production of excess production and stagnation。"Engels's attempt to reverse the world's economic activities is very far -reaching。

The essence of the private ownership of capitalist private

"Critical Outline of National Economics" has made a deep theoretical criticism for capitalism。Engels criticized private real society: Capitalist private ownership is the source of all sins。Capital is a proliferation，Reality is cruel，Exploitation is a system。First，The premise of determining bet365 Play online games the premise of the presence is the private ownership of the means of production。Engels pointed out，"National Wealth is due to liberal economists' efforts to summarize。As long as the private ownership exists for a day，There is no meaning in this term。A lot of 'national wealth' by the British，They are the poorest people in the world。People either completely abandon this term，Either use some premise that makes it meaningful。National Economics，Political Economics，Public economics and other terms are the same。Under the current situation，This science should be called private economics，Because of this scientific point of view，Social relations exist only for private ownership "。Next，Capitalist private ownership must exploit labor。When analyzing exploitation，Engels deeply pointed out that labor products cannot occupy this cruel reality for workers，The inverted phenomenon of living labor being slavered by the dead capital。"We can also see from the economist's own explanation，Capital is the result of labor，It immediately became the substrate of labor during the production process、Labor materials; visible，Capital and labor short separation，Immediately disappeared in the unity of the two; but，Economists still separate capital and labor，Still adhere to the division of the two。"in the capitalist private system，Only in the definition of "savings" as a definition of capital is acknowledged the unity of labor and capital。The split of capital and labor made from private，caused "splitting of labor itself"。

Engels further criticized the exploitation relationship of the capitalist society: workers are the vassal Bet365 app download of things，Live labor ruled by death。Capital proliferation requirements to form a fixed social relationship system exploitation system。Engels indicates that the center of the exploitation system is labor，Make the living people with life being ruled by the dead of no life。Labor generates value，But the value is not owned by the workers。Engels clearly pointed out that the plunder nature of the capitalist，The concentration law of property under private ownership will inevitably lead to differentiation of social classes。"The concentration of this property is a rule，It is the same as all other rules，The intermediate class inherent in the private ownership must disappear more and more，Until the world is divided into millions of rich people and poor light eggs、Large land occupies and poverty short workers。Any law，Any segmentation of land occupation，Any accidental splitting of capital，Nothing to help，This result will definitely produce，and it will produce，Unless it has changed social relations before that、Follow the opposite interests、Make private ownership destroy。”

The disadvantages brought by private ownership can only be lifted by the elimination of private ownership。Engels pointed out，Private ownership is a prerequisite for the society to exchange for equivalent exchange，Exchange is a must -have stage for capital to generate value and achieve exploitation: "Do not destroy private ownership，It is impossible to eliminate the opposition between the actual utility of the items and the provisions of this utility，and the provisions of the utility and the freedom of the exchanges and the private ownership once it is destroyed，No need to talk about Bet365 app download this exchange now。"Engels analyzed the nature of human society，pointed out the future direction of social development，This is the public road that breaks through the private ownership。

(This article is the major project of Marxism Sinicization 'Two Combinations' Material Dialectics of Sinicization in the Philosophy and Social Science Research of Jiangsu Province "(2022SJZDSZ003) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: Marxism College of Nanjing Agricultural University)