bet365 offer not only revealed the alienation of economic categories in "Glossary of a Critique of National Economics"，What’s more important，He found the logical beginning to obscure the mysterious system of Hegel's speculative philosophy: from the undetermined determinacy of immediacy to the concrete human reality，Laid the foundation for historical materialism。

　　The logical beginning of "Outline of Critique bet365 offer"

Objectification activities，Perceptual activities manifested in philosophy as perceptual social interaction subjects，Represented as objectified labor in the criticism of political economy，This is exactly the self-activity of the real subject。Philosophy and criticism of political economy are logically consistent，Through reality concrete-theoretical abstract-theoretical concrete，Returning to the concrete reality，The "concrete-abstract-concrete" cycle of objectification activities finds the logical place for history，Complete the dialectics of thinking and history in object-oriented activities。The logical starting point is the "perceptual-objectivity" identified by Engels in the "Glossary of a Critique of National Economics" through the critique of the economic basis of perceptual entities，Because Engels, like Feuerbach, reversed the Hegelian speculative dialectic from the mysterious undetermined determinacy，To the perceptual certainty，Then to the “abstract-concrete-abstract” logical system of rational certainty and truth，Hegel in the layout of this logical system，Through the unity of "consciousness" with object consciousness and "self-consciousness" withdrawn from object consciousness，Let rational self-awareness realize its own certainty and truth through itself，Towards "things themselves"。Engels and Feuerbach have the same ideas，The logical beginning of dialectics must reaffirm its certainty，That is "perceptual-objectivity"。Only in the logical beginning of "perceptual-objectivity"，Only in order to penetrate into the specific bourgeois society，Analysis of the alienated realities of capitalist bet365 offer。

In 1843-1844，Feuerbach’s thought reversed Hegel’s rational theology through perceptual intuition，Pointed out the four manifestations of the "City of God"。In the era when Hegelian philosophy was dominant，Feuerbach’s bold attempt is groundbreaking。This down-to-earth theory makes the difficult and obscure flaws of speculative philosophy clear at a glance。bet365 offer was influenced by the logic of Feuerbach’s perceptual intuition。In "Outline of Critique of National Economics"，bet365 offer said: "It is this inversion that constitutes the essence of abstraction。About this，Please see the works of Feuerbach。”In “Holy Family”，He said: "However，Who revealed the secret of the ‘system’？It’s Feuerbach。Who destroyed the dialectic of concepts, the war of the gods, familiar only to philosophers？It’s Feuerbach。Who replaces junk including "infinite self-awareness" not with 'the meaning of human being' (as if human beings have any other meaning besides being human) but with 'human being' itself? Woolen cloth？It’s Feuerbach，And only Feuerbach。”No doubt，bet365 offer was influenced by Feuerbach，"Spirit、Thinking、Ideas are the original things，The real world is just a copy of the concept。This starting point has been abandoned by Feuerbach”。Visible，To completely get rid of Hegel’s spiritual magic，bet365 offer recognized Feuerbach’s contribution to reversing concepts and reality，And take Feuerbach’s inversion of Hegel’s “perceptual-objectivity” in speculative logic as the logical starting point，Develop a critique of national economics。

　Criticism of bet365 offer production

Engels’s “Glossary of a Critique of National Economics” opened the way to criticism of bourgeois political economics，Exposing the moral hypocrisy brought about by bet365 offer、Division of value、Accumulated labor, etc. will inevitably lead to social contradictions: “No matter where we turn，bet365 offer will always lead us into contradictions。”Engels succeeded in discovering the pathology of capital in the physiology of capital，This is shocking。In "Outline of Critique of National Economics"，Engels on factors of production (nature and man)、Capital and labor、bet365 offer and competition、Analysis of concepts such as excess productivity and economic crisis，Opening up a new direction of social reality criticism of perceptual entities。Engels identified two elements of substantial production，That is, "nature" and "people"，Identified the two inseparable elements of production of communism，It is the characteristic of harmonious coexistence between man and nature。“We have two factors of production—nature and humans，The latter also includes his physical activities and spiritual activities。”Engels determined that the substantial characteristic of capital is “accumulated labor”，Defines that the essence of capital is labor，No labor，There is no capital and a series of its derivatives。“Capital and labor are the same thing，Because economists themselves admit that capital is ‘accumulated labor’。”Engels revealed the concealment of “value” by “price”，Theft in equivalent exchange discovered。He reverses concrete social reality through philosophical abstractions，It is determined that the principle of equivalent exchange between entities arising from competition under the premise of bet365 offer is a hidden principle of theft。“The difference between actual value and exchange value is based on the fact that the value of an item is different from the so-called equivalent offered for it in a sale，That is to say，This equivalent is not an equivalent。This so-called equivalent is the price of the item。"Engels made it clear that "overproduction" caused by increased productivity is the root cause of social crises。“Overproduction” shatters the false speeches of capital physiology by bourgeois political economists，Demonstrates the deep-seated inverted nature hidden under the mask of appearance in real society。“There will definitely be such a stage in the process of production development，At this stage，Great overproduction...prosperity and crisis、Overproduction and stagnation alternate repeatedly。”Engels’s attempt to reverse the economic activities of the upside-down world is of far-reaching significance。

An essential critique of capitalist bet365 offer

"The Outline of the Critique of National Economics" made a profound theoretical criticism of capitalism。Engels criticized the real society of bet365 offer: Capitalist bet365 offer is the source of all evil。Capital is proliferating，Reality is cruel，Exploitation is systematic。First，The realistic premise for determining the prior presence is bet365 offer of the means of production。Engels pointed out，“The term national wealth was coined as a result of liberal economists’ efforts to generalize。As long as bet365 offer exists，This term has no meaning。The British have a lot of ‘national wealth’，They are the poorest nation in the world。One can either abandon the term altogether，Either adopt some premises that make it meaningful。National Economics，Political Economics，The same applies to terms such as public economics。In the current situation，This kind of science should be called private economics，Because in this scientific view，Social relations exist only for bet365 offer”。Secondly，Capitalist bet365 offer must exploit labor。In profiling exploitation，Engels profoundly pointed out the cruel reality that the products of labor cannot be possessed by workers，The reverse phenomenon of living labor being enslaved by dead capital。“We can also see it from the economists’ own explanations，Capital is the result of labor，It immediately becomes the substrate of labor during the production process、Materials of labor；Visible，The brief separation of capital and labor，Immediately disappeared in the unity of the two；But，Economists still separate capital and labor，Stick to the split between the two。”In the capitalist bet365 offer system，The unity of labor and capital is recognized only in the definition that capital is "accumulated labor"。The split between capital and labor caused by bet365 offer，Resulting in "the fragmentation of labor itself"。

Engels further criticized the exploitative relationship in capitalist society: workers are appendages of things，Living labor is ruled by dead labor。Capital growth requires the formation of a fixed system of exploitation of social relations system。Engels pointed out that labor is at the center of the system of exploitation，To make living people be ruled by inanimate dead things。Labor produces value，But the value does not belong to the workers。Engels clearly pointed out the predatory nature of capitalists，The concentration of property under bet365 offer will inevitably lead to the differentiation of social classes。“This concentration of property is a rule，It is the same as all other laws，Inherent to bet365 offer, the middle class must disappear more and more，Until the world is divided into millionaires and paupers、So far as big landowners and poor day laborers。Any law，Any division of land possession，Any accidental division of capital，To no avail，This result will definitely occur，And it will happen，Unless social relations are completely transformed before then、Merging opposing interests、Abolition of bet365 offer。”

The disadvantages caused by bet365 offer can only be eliminated by eliminating bet365 offer。Engels pointed out，bet365 offer is the prerequisite for society to carry out equivalent exchanges，Exchange is a necessary stage for capital to generate value and realize exploitation: "without eliminating bet365 offer，It is impossible to eliminate the opposition between the actual utility inherent in the object and the determination of this utility，And the antagonism between the determination of utility and the freedom of the exchanger once private property is eliminated，There is no need to talk about the current exchange。”Engels analyzed the nature of human society，Points out the future direction of social development，This is the road to public ownership that breaks through bet365 offer。

(This article is a phased result bet365 offer major project of philosophy and social science research in colleges and universities in Jiangsu Province "Research on the Materialist Dialectics bet365 offer 'Two Combinations' of Marxism in Sinicization" (2022SJZDSZ003)

(Author’s affiliation: School of bet365 offer, Nanjing Agricultural University)