Capital comes to the world，The management system that creates labor time is the working day (Working Day)，Focus on precision control of labor。The working day of the old world is the labor time of the modern world，Close to the capital system。Capitalization of working days is an important mechanism for the capitalist mechanism，Reshape the real space of human survival with precise labor time，Comprehensively integrate social order and social relationships in a rational form。Working Day with Capitalism Industrial Revolution Cooperation，Standard labor time for working days to become collective production of workers。We can depict the production scene of modern working days: industrial production is in the workshop、Machine、Framework and product assembly lines and other forms，Labor in a large number of siphon traditional society，Make the latter continuously adapt to modern production mode，Form an orderly worker organization、Rock of machine operation、Acceleration of labor rhythm、New scene of production expansion of goods。

"Capital" system Criticized working days，To unveil the capital operation mechanism，Provide real grasps for surpassing and eliminating capital。As Marx said to Engels on February 10, 1866，"I have made a historical expansion of the" Working Day "section，This is beyond my original plan "，This highlights the core location of the critical day of critical work on Marx Capital。Reasons for the reason， Different from other thinkers ignore working days，Marx directly criticizes the social scene of labor and management confrontation with working days，Because it is directly related to the linkage of the capital exploitation mechanism、Materialization of workers' lives、Labor Production Systems Joint and Social Fighting Revolutionary Movement，The problem of alienation of labor time in the real world of modernity。

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Hidden issues of working days as a capitalist society，Deep in many theoretical reflection。

One is the thinking of classical economics，working days are the rational mechanism of capital production，Freedom of the time created by wealth。Ru Adam Smith thinks，Working days are equality between labor and capital、Important logo for free communication。The working day is based on the salary as the transaction principle，shows the equal relationship between labor and capital and free exchange，Decided on the friendly Bet365 lotto review economic negotiations of the two，"General wages of workers，It depends on the contract ordered by the workers and management "。But the problem lies in，Smith does not really understand，Under the unification of capital logic，The salary of working days is just reflected as the surplus value of the capital transfer part，To satisfy the survival of the worker group，To maintain the continuity of exploitation。As for the length of the working day、Salary content and exploitation nature, etc.，Smith due to economics is bypassed。Therefore, when facing the long -term working day，Smith does not condemn，Instead, it is just that it is just to protect the survival of workers。As a result, Michael Peroma thinks，Smith and others just demonstrate the rationality of the establishment of a modern capital exploitation system for compulsory working days，"In the utopian of early classical political economics，The poor are working at every moment when the poor are waking "，But they turned a blind eye。

The second is the aggressive philosophy.，Working days are important contents of reconstruction of equality of labor and capital，It is an important starting point for improving the capitalist society。They use working days as social improvement content，At the same time as the capital production relationship is eternal，In an attempt to cancel capital exploitation methods in the form of violence, such as products、currency, etc.，Reform of Economic Auditism。Pu Ludongism proposes interest -free credit、Bank reforms and "issue hours vouchers" and other measures，Just like Marx Criticism Dalimon，Dalimonist does not understand the essential relationship between currency and goods，Because the "hour coupon is opposite to all products，Representing a conceptual labor time "。Audit of Anti -Governmentism，They intend to eliminate government power intervention，Prerequisite for working days to become free interaction，Realizing fair and equal salary income，Destroy the state form related to working days。Baying Ning believes "must destroy everything，Especially for the must first destroy property and its inevitable consequences -the country "。Romantic reflection of mutual assistance，They believe that working days can become a form of mutual assistance，But as long as the competition mechanism of working days is eliminated。The more typical is the mutual aid theory of Crupaka special gold，It is intended to eliminate competition to preserve mutual benefit and mutual benefit for help，"Whether in the animal world or humans，Competition is not rules "，etc.。

But the problem lies in，These theoretical thinking，Bet365 app download Because it has not risen to a criticism of modern capital，So these reflections only stay on the empirical argumentation and theoretical confirmation of optimizing capital production on working days。Including Smith、Pu Ludong and others due to class stance and ideological position，I did not really face the problem of modern capital，So it is easy to get a working day is conducive to social wealth growth、Optimize class interests、Improve class confrontation and other conclusions。

　　Research field on working days 

Only Marx really launch the most thorough criticism on modern working days。What is the working day first? Economists can easily confuse working days and salary days，Therefore, Synil proposes to "shorten the last hour"，Naive judgments to eliminate capital exploitation。So，What is working day? Working days are capital to use labor products as "material cause"，Continuous adsorption and possessing the latter's life time，Continuous adsorption and possessing the latter's life time。This time process is the sum of the necessary labor time and the remaining labor time。

Capital proliferation through two basic channels through working days: First, the time logic of working days，Absolutely extend the labor time of workers，To get absolute surplus value，Therefore, the capital "only cares about the maximum use of labor within a working day"; the second is the technical logic of the working day，It uses scientific and technological means and management mechanism，Social boundaries on the breakthrough working day and the physiological boundary of workers，The purpose is to limit the life time of workers，Relatively extend the remaining labor time，Maximum release of production time to create surplus value，Create more surplus value for capital。Therefore，A strange and cruel social phenomenon for working on working days: the bourgeoisie can freely control social production time，Guarantee the free development time of this class。Reasons for the reason，"In a capitalist society，A class enjoys free time，It is due to the all -living time of the masses transformed into a labor time "。opposite it，The proletariat is increasingly suffering due to working days，Time design and technical means to obey the logic of capital proliferation。In short，Their physical fate and survival time，With the automatic production process of the large machine industry，Increastedly controlled by capital: Life time is highly abstracted into measurement of machine production time，Social mechanisms that are adsorbed into capital exploitation; the spiritual world is extremely materialized into a precise program Bet365 app download for commodity production，Formation includes commodity worshiping teaching、Currency worship and capital education, etc.。

Marx's social production scene on working days in "Capital"、Social content and theoretical nature made a detailed inspection，Standards its philosophical nature。

The first is the specific display of the production scenario: the working day of capitalist -type is the time regulation of the capital to control the body。The purpose of the working day of capital control is to modify the proletariat，It is intended to get the surplus value of excess。Capital transforms the life body of the worker into a machine operating industry，Promoting workers continuously contribute life time，To ensure the rapid operation of large machines。At the same time，Under the blessing of working days，The shaping mechanism and compulsory system of capital production，Promote the rapid transformation of natural survival order to industrial automation and even intelligent production order，Time planning and technology settings focusing on capital exploitation workers。

Second, the detailed expression of social content: working day is social time for capital expansion logic。Capital expansion logic is essentially the power desire of capital control the life time of the proletariat，"Capital is the economic power to dominate the bourgeois society"。First，The desire to possess the life time of the proletariat。Infinite extension of early working days，The purpose is to satisfy the life time of the capital logic to maximize the life of the proletariat。Such as Joseph Tombson、William Temple、Fleche、George Berkeley and John Locke both advocate that children should work early，If Locke appealed，"You can start working at a mature age" at the age of 3 "，To satisfy the desire of capital proliferation。Next，The desire to dominate the body of the proletariat。Capital logic can be arbitrarily disposed of and exploit the body content of the proletarian through working days。If the purpose of the early Insurance Institute is to force the proletariat to complete the physical transformation in the form of legal form，enable capital to freely control the proletarian body。Last，Desire for the accumulation of remaining value。The purpose of capital production is value proliferation，Let yourself continue to expand reproduction，This must constantly adsorb the life time of the proletariat。This is easy to be grasped as an external contradiction for machines and working days: the machine as the technical condition that shorten the working day，However, it is converted into the dominance of capital realization; its internal contradiction bet365 Play online games is the strict confrontation of capital proliferation and the free time of the proletariat。

Third, the scientific display of theoretical nature: As far as the nature of economic philosophy is concerned，working days are capital logic possession、The time amplitude and technical settings of dominance and control of workers' lives。Working Day as a system design for production time，Deeply incorporated into the power mechanism of capital proliferation，It is intended to forcibly exploit the remaining labor time of the proletariat，To achieve unlimited capital proliferation。From this，The roar of machine production on working days，The social image of capitalists and workers is completely different，"The original currency owner as a capitalist，Go forward; Labor Pavilion as his worker，Follow the end。A smile is full，ambitious; a trembling，Courageous，Like selling your own skin in the market，There is only one future -let people tan "。

　Contradictions on working days 

In the era of Marx, there are many such legal texts and research reports，For example, "Amendment to Factory Labor Regulations (August 5, 1850)" "Factory Inspector Report。October 31, 1858 (London Edition), etc.。The legal form on working days cannot really resolve social contradictions。Although with the blessing of the law，Workers can enjoy more rest time。But this does not mean that working days can be used as a technical guarantee for improving capital exploitation。"Capital Theory" thinks，Working days are just social design for capital exploitation of labor，As long as it does not rise to the principle of criticism of capital，So the working day must show the time mechanism and technical means of capital power。

Show the internal contradictions of the capitalist world on working days: the dual content of the civilization and negation of capital on the working day。"Communist Declaration" rough lines display such internal contradictions，"Capital Theory" is more confirmed through working days to confirm such contradictions。On the one hand，Working on working days with new technical means to disintegrate high personal attachment relationship，Highlighting the important content of the self -confirmation of life to realize the self -confirmation of life，Demonstrate the civilized content of the working day of the generation。Capital creates a large number of social wealth and liberation content through working days，Let the workers have more time to participate in social practice with comprehensive development and sprouts，Such as casual consumption、Art Exchange、Sharing Culture, etc.。Potentous increase of workers' social participation on working days，Free element Bet365 lotto review of raising life activities，Provide social content and time support for the free and comprehensive development of human beings。On the other hand，Working days are just time exploitation mechanisms under capital control，Continuously amplify the inherent negation of capital。The denial of capital is to create their own "Tomb Diggian"。Capital exploitation will inevitably lead to the accumulation of poverty and labor of capital，Unlimited expansion due to the design of the working day，Then an exacerbation of contradiction confrontation、Treating the social revolution。

　　Critical space for working days 

With the rise of the digital economy，Digital capital is getting farther away from working days，The mechanism form of continuously transforming capital exploitation is the digital working day。On the one hand，Digital survival through digital labor，Transformed into a technical form for governing production，So the institutional appearance and technical restrictions on the traditional working day of the digital labor dispel the traditional working day，Makes the working days farther away from social survival space; on the other hand，Human survival procedures become more digitized、Virtualization，Even illusions，Therefore, human beings have a new job mode against traditional working days，It seems that it is no longer restrained in the alienation program created by working days。Modern new humans can escape working days，Enter the main imagination、New production space for interactive design and free in and out。Therefore，such as game surfing、Personality Customization、Smart Interconnection、Virtual aesthetics and digital sharing, etc.，It all shows such a "fact": It is solved by digital survival on working days，Transformed into a poetic imagination。

Actually，Digital working days are still as a social regulation，Deeply embedded in the social operation mechanism。Digital survival makes the working day more automated、Acceleration and universalization，"People are at work all the time" become existing survival state，That is，The "useless proletariat" of the "useless proletariat" of the "useless proletariat"。At the same time，Digital working days are more effective than traditional working days、His life time for mandatory adsorption workers，Fully convert life time into a new working day content。Therefore，This number of working days still belongs to the category of working days: as long as you obey the time content of capital proliferation，All the overall planning on working days。

Therefore, the intelligent illusion of solving "working days"，Marx's working day Criticism is still valid。"Capital Theory" thinks，Only eliminate capital，Bet365 app download Only to truly eliminate working days that loads on the production of capital，can we eliminate the huge cracks of labor time and development time，History process that realizes labor time into free development time。In other words，Working Day contains civilized content -design day design is undoubtedly an important initiative of the history of human civilization，shows the possible social forms of freedom and equality; but as long as capital control working days，Whether it is a traditional working day or a digital working day，The system design and time regulation of the surplus value exploitation must be turned into。Therefore, one aspect，"Capital" activates such social facts high，Today, the high development of the socialist market economy，Working days still have the technical advantage of release human creative wealth，Can provide material guarantees for human beings to go to a new society。On the other hand，"Capital Theory" Promoting such a critical space: Only finally eliminating and ending capital，Only to disintegrate the negative content of working days，Leisure time and development time of free and comprehensive development of working days，The historical mission of this working day will be completed。

　 (Author is an associate professor of Marxism College of Shanghai Jiaotong University)