Tributes from various ethnic groups in Northeast China during bet365 score
July 13, 2020 09:46 Source: "Chinese bet365 score Journal" Issue 1965, July 13, 2020 Author: Song Jing

After the establishment of bet365 score,Political stability、Economic Development,Overseas countries、The surrounding ethnic groups had frequent exchanges with bet365 score,"The report of all nations,No separation between Chinese and foreigners”,Continuous tribute。Among the ancient ethnic groups in Northeast China during this period,The Buyeo tribe, the Hyogyeon tribe, gradually disappeared due to the demise of the Goryeo regime,Mohe in the east and Khitan in the west、Cuomoxi、The Donghu ethnic group represented by Shiwei became the main ethnic group in Northeast China。

、Khitan、Cuomoxi、Turk、Silla and other tribes,“The Other Tribes of the Turks and Their Embarrassments、Khitan、Mohe、Jiang Hu、Korea was subordinated to Hebei,Weifu fourteen、State forty-six"。The early Tang Dynasty inherited the Sui system,Set Jisi Prefecture,Zhisongmo、Raole Dudu Mansion,To Khitan、Xi people rule,General Commander of the Yingzhou Dudu Mansion。During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of bet365 score,Set up the Governor's Mansion of Huhan Prefecture、Heishui Dudu Mansion manages the Bohai regime area and Heishui Mohe area,under the jurisdiction of Youzhou Jiedu。Afterwards,With An Lushan’s appointment,The jurisdiction of Jisizhou County in Northeast China continues to change。The twenty-eighth year of Kaiyuan (740),An Lushan was appointed as Pinglu’s military envoy,At this time, the Pinglu Army Jiedu envoy placed in Yingzhou also held the two Tibetans、Bohai、Heishui Four Prefectures’ Strategic Disposal Envoy。The first year of Tianbao (742),An Lushan was appointed as the military governor of Pinglu Army,Youzhou Jiedushi was renamed Fanyang Jiedushi,The two do not belong to each other。Tianbao three years,An Lushan takes over as Fan Yang Jiedushi、Hebei interview、Pinglu Army and other envoys remain as before,The jurisdiction over Northeast Jisi Prefecture has been unified again。After the Anshi Rebellion,Youzhou Dudufu is in charge of Jisi Prefecture in the northeast。

With the rise and fall of Turks、The development of Bohai State’s power and the gradual weakening of Tang Dynasty’s control over Tibet after the Anshi Rebellion,There were certain changes in the tribute activities of various ethnic groups in Northeast China during bet365 score。Sui Dynasty,Mohe Ministries、Khitan tribes are subject to Turkic servitude,Xi、The tribute activities of Shiwei and other tribes are also affected by it。The second year of Wude, Emperor Gaozu of bet365 score (619)、Three years,Korea、After the Turks paid tribute respectively,Ethnic groups began to pay tribute to bet365 score。In the Sui Dynasty, Mohe was divided into millet powder、Bo Duo、An car bone、Fu Ni、Room、The Seven Parts of Black Water and White Mountain,"Chief Mohe... and sent envoys to pay tribute",Pay tribute to the Sui Dynasty。Second Year of Wude,In the Sui Dynasty, the Sumo Mohe leader Tudi Ji sent envoys to pay tribute。Fourth year of Zhenguan (630),bet365 score destroyed the Eastern Turks。Five years of Zhenguan,Shiwei、倭、Heishui Mohe and sent envoys to pay tribute。In the early Tang Dynasty, Mohe mostly paid tribute in the form of tribes,Blackwater、Fu Ni、Tieli、Yue Xi、Yu Lou and other ministries frequently send envoys,Connect China all the time,After merging into Bohai State,No longer paying tribute alone。Among them,Fu Ni、The last time the Tieli tribe paid tribute was in the last years of Tianbao, Emperor Xuanzong of bet365 score,Yue Xi、The last tribute paid by the Yulou tribe was in the 18th year of Zhenyuan (802),The last time the Blackwater Ministry paid tribute was in March of the 11th year of Yuanhe (816)。

More than 130 times during bet365 score after the founding of Bohai Sea,Mainly concentrated in Tang Xuanzong、Tang Daizong、Tang Xianzong、Tang Wenzong Period,corresponds to his martial arts skills、King Wen Da Qinmao、The great words of King Xi、Period of stability and development under the rule of King Xuan Darenxiu。After the sixth year of Huichang (846),In addition to mourning and canonizing the new king,The activities of bet365 score were stagnant,The focus of recruitment shifts to Japan。Two years after Takeru,Khitan、Xi Renjun sent envoys to bet365 score。Three years of Zhenguan,The Khitan, which broke away from the Turks and attached itself to bet365 score, had regular tributes。From the third year of Zhenguan to the seventeenth year of Zhenguan,The Xi people paid tribute four times。The twenty-second year of Zhenguan,Khitan、Xi Ren rebelled against bet365 score。The second year of Kaiyuan,Khitan、Xi returned to bet365 score,Restore tribute,Sending envoys to pay tribute every year,Even paying tribute three or four times a year。After the Anshi Rebellion,Khitan、Xi Liangfan resumed tribute in bet365 score,But until the reign of Emperor Xianzong of Tang Dynasty,Always a court or a bandit。Afterwards,Although the two Tibetans paid tribute for about forty years,But in the late Tang Wenzong period, it was attached to the Uighurs。The second year of Huichang,Canceled by the Governor's Office。After this,Xi only paid tribute once during the Yizong period of Tang Dynasty。Khitan sent envoys to pay tribute in the late years of Emperor Yizong of bet365 score in Xiantong。There were more than twenty tribes in Shiwei in bet365 score,Widely distributed,The Westernmost and the Turks、Uighur border,Tribute activities are greatly affected by it。Middle Martial Arts,There are records of Shi Wei offering prescriptions。Three years of Zhenguan,He sent envoys to pay tribute to Feng Diao,Since then, tributes have been paid continuously。Shi Wei’s tribute activities were concentrated from Tang Xuanzong to Tang Daizong、The period from Tang Wenzong to Tang Wuzong。Among them,Fourth year of Zhenyuan,Shi Wei and Xi sent troops to strengthen the military,Loot and go,Later, during the Xiantong period (860-874), he and Xi sent envoys to Chang'an。The joint actions of Shi Wei and Xi in the middle and late Tang Dynasty,Plundering after the rise of Khitan、Servant Shi Wei、Xi related。

奥、Khitan、Shiwei is located in the west of Northeast China,More than four thousand miles away from Chang'an、five thousand three hundred miles、Qiqianli。Khitan meets Xi in the west、South to Yingzhou、North to Shiwei、Eastern Bohai Country,Duo and Xi jointly sent envoys to congratulate。Heishui Mohe is six thousand miles away from Chang'an,The Bohai Sea is two thousand miles away from Yingzhou,And Shi Wei often paid tribute at the same time。Tribute routes of various ethnic groups,According to "New Tang Book·Geography Seven Parts": "The seven most important aspects of the road to Siyi and the collection of Guanshu are: One is the road from Yingzhou to Andong,On the second day, we will go to Dengzhou Sea and enter the Goryeo Bohai Road..." We should go to Yingzhou first、Youzhou and then to Chang'an。The tribute road of the late Bohai Kingdom,From Bohai Royal City to Xianzhou and then to Shenzhou,Then by sea to Dengzhou,Finally to Chang'an。The land routes are generally along the Great Wall,Sea routes allow large-scale trade。All ethnic groups pass the court meeting、He Zheng、Thank you、Condolences、Tribute activities in the form of offering square objects and other forms,Maintain frequent contacts with the central government of bet365 score。Each tribe sent envoys to pay tribute with horses、Seal skin、Mink skin、Eagle、Falcon and other Northeastern products are the main products,Other medicinal materials、Spice、Gold and Silver、Special tributes such as Buddha statues。The twelfth year of the Dali calendar (777),Eleven dancing girls donated by Japan in 759 AD。In bet365 score, many officials were awarded gold and silk,Close economic and trade exchanges。

The central government agency in charge of ethnic affairs in bet365 score was Honglu Temple,There are corresponding regulations on the tribute affairs of the Tibetans。First,After Emperor Suzong of Tang Dynasty, the number of tribute envoys was restricted,"The tribute envoys from all the Tibetans have subordinates,Leave it half in the environment”。After the Anshi Rebellion,Khitan、Xi Erfan "congratulates every year",Chang sends hundreds of people to Youzhou,Choose thirty or fifty people from his chieftain to go to the palace,Introduced in Linde Hall,Return tin in gold and silk,Everyone else is staying here”。Persons attending the meeting,Limited to tribal leaders,The entourage stayed at the border,And the proportion is greatly reduced。Secondly,In addition to granting official titles to tributary envoys,It should be fed,That is, the round-trip travel expenses will be borne by the Tang government,Among them,Mohe gave him food for seven thousand miles。Again,Evaluation and reward for the things donated,Return the gift。Finally,Envoys in Beijing need to convey their country’s mountains and rivers、terroir,Illustration to play。Give the audience food,Send the doctor to give medicine when you are sick,Give what you need after death。The first year of Kaiyuan,Envoy Xu Mohe from bet365 score government conducted market transactions,Worship at the temple。

Due to the establishment of Jisi Prefecture,The tribute of various ethnic groups in Northeast China during bet365 score developed towards standardization and institutionalization,The number of tributes paid by bet365 score government、Tribute items、Tribute Route、There are relevant regulations for the reception and placement of envoys。The tribute activities of various ethnic groups except for political factors,The inner driving force is tribute trade。The relationship between various ethnic groups reflected in the tribute activities、Exchanges and exchanges between Northeast China and Japan,Sufficient attention should be paid to the discussion of the tribute system。

(This article is part bet365 score National Social Science Fund project "Russian Mohe - Bohai Archaeological Data Compilation、Translation Introduction and Research” (18VGB001) phased results)

(Author’s unit: School of History, Culture and Tourism, Heilongjiang University)

Editor: Cui Cen
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