Covering today Liaoning、Tianjin、Hebei、The northern coast of the Shandong coastal area，It is a region where Chinese civilization originally originally originally originally originally originally originally originally originally originally originally originally originally originally originated，In the ancient times, there are footprints of ancestors' activities，Leave a lot of Beiqiu sites。Spring and Autumn Period，With the development of maritime forces at the coastal vassal countries，The initial coastal defense。485 BC，Qi Guo frustrated the maritime lame master led by Wu Guo Xu Cheng，It is regarded as the germination of Chinese coastal defense。Ming and Qing Dynasties，Diseases of the international structure，To deal with sea threats，The ruler carried out a systematic coastal defense construction，Experience in it、lesson worthy of summary、Reflection。

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Ming and Qing Dynasties，With the development of Xinhang Road、East Asian order changes，China has begun to face unprecedented maritime threats，Construction of coastal defense will be strengthened，and roughly experienced three important historical periods。

It one，Establishment of the Early Chuanhai Defense System。1333，Fall of Kamakura Shogunate，Japan enters the Northern and Southern Dynasties，A large number of loses nobles、Samurai and Ronin formed an armed group，Frequent invasion of China、North Korean coastal area。Faced with the increasingly severe dysentery，Zhu Yuanzhang ordered to set up a guard in a coastal area，To strengthen coastal defense。Sea Defense Institute in the north of the north of the Hongwu period from Antongwei, southern Shandong，Qingzhou Wei on the south bank of the Bohai Sea，From Kaipingzhongzhong, the northwest of the Bohai Sea, follow the sea and go down to Jinzhou Weizhi, south of Liaodong Peninsula，There are more than 40 places。Most of these guards are designed for preventing the sea，"Placement of Poor Boat Boat"，Location insurance，Ruzhou "The tide of the tide to its south gate"，Aoshan Wei "Sea Tide is to its east gate" (Tongzhi "Jimo County Chronicle" Volume 10 "Artswen")。At the same time，Hong Wu Shi on the basis of the previous generation，From the Xinqiao Haikou from Rizhao Jiaang Town to Lesting County, Rizhao Town, Shandong，Set 25 inspection departments。Sea Defense Center、Inspection Division staggered distribution，Several pier under the jurisdiction、Fort，Responsible for whistle、Buns，Establishing a northern coastal defense system。In addition，Zhu Yuanzhang also sent a boat teacher to patrol the sea、Ling Shipping General，Moved to the Shandong end of the island to enter the Mainland，Never carry out the development of Japanese diplomacy，These measures played an important role in fighting the pirates。Yongle period move to Beijing，The coastal coastal coastal is responsible for Gonggi、The heavy responsibility of defending the enemy at the sea is prominent。Zhu Xi removes the construction of the seven guardians of Shandong's coastal at the end of Hongwu to Bet365 lotto review the exterior，It is also set up on the northwest bank of the Bohai Sea。At the same time，He also attaches great importance to the coordination of coastal military forces、Coordination，Let's set up Shandong Preparation、Shandong Hairi Defense Third Camp、Beizhi Lishi Sea Defense Third Battalion and other strengthening control。passing through Hongwu、Operation during Yongle period，The northern coastal defense system is initially established，and give full play to the role，Yongle Seventeenth Year (1419) Obtained Liaodong Wanghai Grandma，"Self -fear，For more than a hundred years，No major violations at sea "(" History of Ming Dynasty "Volume 91" Soldiers III ")。

Its two，The formation of a large -scale coordination mechanism in the late Ming Dynasty。After a long time after Yongle，The northern coast is relatively calm，Even the period of the Jiajing Yao period，The impact of the pirates on the coast of the north is not great，Therefore, the local coastal defense construction is relatively delayed。Wanli early，Toyotomi Hideyoshi Uniform Japan，sent troops to invade North Korea，and want to invade the Ming Dynasty with it as a springboard。Wanli and ministers are sending troops while assisting the DPRK，Start pays attention to the northern coastal defense，One side of Denglai、Liaodong、Tianjin and other heavy town transfer troops to send troops，One side is committed to building a large -scale coastal coordination mechanism，Apart from the special settlement of Tianjin governor responsible for coordinating the northern coastal defense affairs，There is also the Dudu Jiliao、Baoding、Shandong Chief Officer and Tianjin Vice President、Shandong General Soldier、Kuan Dai Deputy General Force、Jizhou Middle Road Marine Defense Camp Vice Futing and other soldiers。From this establishing an orderly order、Cultural and military and martial arts cross -border、Inter -provincial coastal defense system，It played an important role in the victory of the guarantee of the war -supporting DPRK.。In this coastal defense system，North Korean battlefield commander takes the overall situation，Tianjin Governor and Dudu Jiliao、Baoding、Shandong Chief Officials、Wu Er member Zuoqi specializes in coastal defense，The governor of the coastal provinces governor jurisdictional、Kuki Knowledge and other civil servants，Jurisdiction of the coastal generals and generals and ginsengs、Guerrilla and other military officers participate together。

After the victory of the war，The northern northern coastal force is weakened。Then Nurhachi rose to the northeast，and the first year of the Apocalypse captured Liaoning Four Guards，Direct threatening Denglai、Tianjin。Liaodong Governor Xiong Tingxuan, in view of the importance of the power of maritime，Put forward the "three -party layout" strategy，"Guangning's ride on the river on the river"，Fighting Firelobes，At the same time, "Entering Nanwei on the Maritime Director of the Sea" ("The Real Record of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 11，Give full play to Tianjin、Denglai's role。Bet365 lotto review To this end, the Ming government re -sets up Tianjin governor、New Denglai governor and other cultural and military officers，To cooperate with。But the regrettable is，Liaodong governor Wang Huazhen and Xiong Tingxuan are not in line with，Sending Mao Wenlong without authorization to take a small number of troops to restore the sea along the south of Liaoning，Although it obtained Zhenjiang Dajie，But "cause the enemy to hate Liao people，Slaughtering the Fourth Guards and the people，Heart of Gray Dongshan，Cold North Korea's bile，Qi of the West "(" History of the Ming Dynasty "Volume 259" Biography of Xiong Ting Yan ")，disrupted Xiong Tingzhang's three -party layout strategy。Xiong Tingxuan is worried about this，And the dispute between the dispute with Wang Huazhen caused the defeat of Guangning，Two people have been prison one after another。，Mao Wenlong became the core figure of the northern coastal defense strategy。Mao Wenlong occupies Pi Island，Lonely Overseas，Military supply needs to rely on the mainland，But its troops are not full，and being arrogant，Due to military demand、Division of the defense zone and the nearby Denglai governor 龃龉 龃龉 龃龉，Can't bear the heavy task of restoring Liaodong。Mao Wenlong was killed by Yuan Chonghuan，Ming Ting lost the disposal of Dongjiang Town，In particular, it failed to integrate its subordinates with other military towns in time、Adapted，Caused the change of Wuqiao。，Dongjiang Town Kong Youde、Geng Zhongming、Shang Kexi et al. Clear new weapons，The pioneer of becoming a pioneer in the south of the Qing Dynasty。It can be said，After the death of Xiong Tingzhang，The lack of effective response to the other party in the northern part of the Ming Dynasty，Loss of weight、Contradictions，Finally defeated the ground。

Its three，Modernization of coastal defense in the north of the late Qing Dynasty。At the beginning of the establishment of the Qing Dynasty，East Asian order is relatively stable，Western colonists have not yet made a large scale，Japan is in a state of locking country，The northern coastal coastal coast has been relatively calm。For a long time since then，Northern coastal defense not only does not build a large building，Due to long -term slackness, it is unbearable，Tianjin，When the waterproof division is set up, it is cut，and do not practice。So in two Opium War，Shandong Peninsula、Liaodong Peninsula and the Bohai Strait Defense，The enemy of the sea drives straight into Tianjin，Forced the Qing government to sign an unequal treaty。After the Japanese army invaded Taiwan in 1874，Treatment of the vibration of the court and the field，Starting the discussion of the University of Defense。The Qing government decided that Li Hongzhang was responsible for building the Beiyang Navy，Shen Yan Governor to run Nanyang coastal defense，The first increase of coastal defense to the height of the national strategy。After more than ten years of operation，1888 Beiyang Marine Division officially founded。This is China's first modern navy，25 warships in total、Auxiliary warships 50 bet365 Play online games ships、30 ships of transport ships、More than 4,000 officers and soldiers，and equipped with Tianjin Aquatic Division School、Dagukang，and Lushun、Weihaiwei two naval bases，Also hired foreign instructor coaches，and formulated the "Beiyang Navy Articles of Association"。Beiyang Marine Division was a powerful navy in Asia and the world at that time。By creating the Beiyang Marine Division，Construction of Lushun、Weihai Wei Navy Base, etc.，Li Hongzhang built a Liaodong Peninsula、New coastal defense system with the focus of Shandong Peninsula，"You can stay in Liao Bo，You can help him，Supplemented by the Army of the Fortunes，Liangzu Gongwei Gyeonggi "(Chinese History Society edited" Western Movement 3 "，Shanghai People's Publishing House 1961 edition，page 195)。But the regrettable is，Under the condition of comprehensive corruption in the political situation in the late Qing Dynasty，Advanced Battleship、Technology cannot save the crisis。In the Sino -Japanese War of the Sino -Japanese War，Beiyang Marine Division encountered Tomoshima naval wars in a row、Faculture of the Yellow Sea Battle，But the strength still exists，Li Hongzhang has caused the Beiyang Marine Division to trap the Port of Weihai Guards，completely lost the maritime mobility of the new warship，Falling into the back of the abdomen and the enemy、The situation of passive beating，In the end, the whole army was covered。The annihilation of the Beiyang Marine Division announced the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement，The loss of the Navy base has caused China to lose the possibility of rebuilding the navy，The northern coastal defense system is fully collapsed。This battle stimulates Japan's aggression ambitions，Speed ​​up the aggression against North Korea and the competition for Northeast China，It has had a profound impact on the East Asian structure in the next decades。

　　The failure and reflection of the northern coastal defense

The establishment and evolution of the northern coastal defense system in the Ming and Qing dynasties，To a certain extent, maintaining national defense security，It plays an important role in the stability of the Gyeonggi area and the stability of East Asian order，Its enthusiasm is mainly reflected in the following aspects。

It one，The Ming and Qing coascies have achieved many victories of fighting foreign aggression，Defending Haijiang Security，stabilized East Asian order，Show the firm determination of the Chinese children's protection of territorial integrity and the safety of the people。Yongle 17 years，Liaodong General Liu Jiang set up a Fu，Marine Defense General Fighting Battle，"From Chen to，Capture，Born to get 1003 people，Beheading more than a thousand levels "(" Ming Taizong Real Record "Volume 23)，Basically, the coastal pirates were removed，solved the problem of pirates in the early Ming Dynasty。During the victory of the Royal War of the DPRK during the Wanli years，Shattering the arrogance of Toyotomi Hideyoshi，Ensuring stability of East Asian order。In the Sino -Japanese War in the late Qing Dynasty，Although the Beiyang Marine Division is overwhelmed，But the spirit of the bet365 Play online games soldiers fighting for the defender of the family deserves full affirmation。

Its two，Maritime Defense Immigration, etc. promoted the development of the northern sea because of the development of the north。With the establishment of the sea defense，A large number of military immigrants move to the northern Haijiang，Play an important role in the development of Haijiang。Ru Tianjin，It was originally a barren land in the early Ming Dynasty，"It belongs to Xiaogu，Land of Relavable Bouring，Nothing of Prime Minister "(Kangxi's" Tianjin Wei Zhi "Volume 1" Along the Revolution ")，After the establishment of Tianjin Wei in the second year of Yongle，Gradually start development，During the Kangxi period，"Only three hundred years of establishment，Among them, large and small gates and temple views、Gong Temple、庵 Temple、The beauty of the archway，洵 Called spectacular，A Metropolitan Metropolis also "(Kangxi's" Tianjin Wei Zhi "volume" Picture Theory ")。After hundreds of years，Qingdao in the north coast、Weihai、Yantai、Tianjin、Dalian and other places have developed into big cities。It can be explained that the construction of coastal defense since the Qing Dynasty laid the urban pattern along the Bo Yellow Sea coast。

Of course，Traditionally with the idea of ​​agriculture, the lack of marine consciousness of the Chinese people，There is no sharp coastal defense crisis awareness，Especially since modern times，The rulers are disposed of in the face of the strong ship for the power of the powers，Finally resulting in crisis，The reason is that there are problems with the coastal defense strategy。

It one，Lack of long -term vision of coastal defense construction，Can't take it with it。When the situation at sea is critical，The construction of the coastal defense is relatively positive，When the situation at sea is stable，Relax of the construction of the coastal defense or even abandoned。Especially the Qing Dynasty，Due to the relatively calmness of Haijiang at first，The ruler has the mentality of "the country of heaven" and proud，Nearly two hundred years from the early Qing Dynasty to the Opium War，Northern coastal defense construction is basically lacking.，The sea lock key shape between the Liaodong Peninsula and the Shandong Peninsula，Defending the Tianjin Aquarium Camp of Jingcheng Time。This makes the European powers that have entered the Qing Dynasty and the industrial revolution、Japan's gap is getting larger and larger，To the Opium War, the Chinese British Army easily passed through the Bohai Strait with a strong boat，Binglin Tianjin。The Second Opium War afterwards，The northern coastal defense system is still in the same way，The enemy of foreign prisoners is driven directly，Strive for Beijing -Tianjin。

Its two，Marine Defense Strategy and Tactics is relatively conservative。The coastal defense system of the northern part of the Ming and Qing dynasties is mainly based on coastal defense，Lack of courage to fight at sea。In the early Ming Dynasty, Yi Hall、Inspection Division Shou Lu，Supplemented by large -scale boat teachers to patrol the sea，But there is also a stop in the middle，Yongle is completely Bet365 lotto review abolished。In the early Qing Dynasty, eight flags、Green Camp stationed in Haikou，Set the Water Army，But the strength of the water army is weak and the training is not diligent，No role will be available。weakness of the mobility at sea，often leads to the loss of strategic initiative，As Liao Yongzhong said in the early Ming Dynasty，"倭 伏，Pool in the wind，Invasion，Lai Ruo Wolf，Destroy Ruo Ruo Bird "(" The End of the Ming Dynasty "Volume 55" Coastal Chaos ")。It is difficult to effectively resist foreign enemies if there is no certain scale.，Many defeats of the Ming Dynasty's anti -Japanese -anti -worship are related to this。During the Sino -Japanese War，Beiyang Marine Division trapped Weihaiwei after being frustrated at sea，Short to avoid long、Sit and wait for，In the end, it is difficult to get defeat，It is also a profound lesson。

Experience left by the northern coastal defense to future generations、lesson，worthy of deep reflection。From the perspective of the development of coastal defense construction in the northern Ming and Qing dynasties，Sea Defense Think about the following questions。

First，Sea defense construction should have a global vision。Marine Defense is mainly to defend the enemy at the sea，I need to have a sober grasp of the international pattern at that time，Can I plan ahead。15-19 century is the era of the world structure of the world，Although there is a feat of Zheng He's go to the west omen，Lack of globalization pattern，Mainly focusing on political propaganda、External communication，Ignore the actual economic interests，In the end, it is unable to maintain due to excessive costs。Due to the lack of global vision，The Qing government has known the reality of maritime hegemony due to the significant improvement of navigation capabilities in modern times，Facing the continuous invasion of Western Jianjian's sharp guns，Unlicensed control，Fully defeat。After frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries, there are only changes to the way，Therefore, it created a new navy move，Although failed to succeed in the end，But it is still a measure to operate sea defense from a global vision，It is worth sure。

Next，Marine Defense Construction should have a long -term overall plan。Marine Defense Construction is expensive for a long time，Thinking in danger，When facing the threat of a strong enemy，Plan need to be coordinated、Coordinated anti -enemy，Usually in Haijiang，It also needs to be cautious from time to time，Annnless。other，The ocean is vast，The enemy of the crime suddenly arrives、Quietly，When there is an overall defense plan。We must pay attention to the construction of coastal defense in the province，Discuss near the province，Even the collaborative defense problem of the entire Haijiang。During the DPRK Royal War，The enhancement of the northern coastal coastal coastal defense strength provides a strong guarantee for the victory of the war，while the northern northern coastal defense lacks effective inter -provincial collaboration，Even after the setting of Beiyang Marine Division，Still in the north coastal governor, there are many 龃龉，It is difficult to form a joint force，This is also an important reason for its failure。

bet365 best casino games Last，Sea Defense Construction should be developed with the ocean、Coordination and coordination of sea exchange、Coordinated development。Ming and Qing Dynasties，Chinese people lack advanced marine consciousness in general，Development of coastal defense and ocean、Sea exchange people are split，The prominent manifestation of the implementation of the sea ban policy and the migrating people of the coastal。The implementation of the sea ban policy leads to a retreat locking country，Not only does it hinder normal maritime exchanges，Alien people who have lost their livelihood have to engage in maritime smuggling，Many of the pirates in Jiajing are these coastal people。Migrant coastal people not only hinder the development of coastal islands，and objectively cause the sea defense front line to shrink，Make some coastal islands become a place where the sea kings are gathered，Crucular。So say，Sea Defense Construction and Ocean Development、Maritime exchanges must be coordinated and coordinated、Coordinated development，Politics、Economy、Military、Close combination of many levels of society，This can build a long -term、Strong Great Wall at Sea。

Overall，The northern coastal coastal defense is not only related to the safety of the Gyegi area，And maintaining East Asia and even the entire Asian stability，All play a pivotal role，Its experience and lessons are worthy of deep reflection。

　(This article is the key project of Shandong Province Social Sciences "Maritime Forces and East Asian Order in the Bo Yellow Sea in the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (20BLSJ03)、The National Social Science Fund Youth Project "Ming and Qing Ding Bohai Regional Maritime Defense Research (1368-1912)" (13CZS022) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: "Innovation Team of Chinese and Foreign Relations History and History of History and Culture" at the School of History and Culture of Shandong Normal University)