Covering today’s Liaoning、Tianjin、Hebei、The northern coast of Shandong coastal area，It is the area where Chinese civilization originated earlier，There are traces of ancestors’ activities in ancient times，Leaving a large number of shell mound sites。Spring and Autumn Period，With the development of maritime power in coastal vassal states，The initial bet365 sign up offer was produced。485 ​​BC，Qi defeated the Qi navy led by Wu’s official Xu Cheng，Regarded as the bud of China’s bet365 sign up offer。Ming and Qing Dynasties，Dramatic changes in the international landscape，In response to maritime threats，The rulers carried out systematic bet365 sign up offer construction，The experience、Lessons worth summarizing carefully、Reflection。

　　The establishment and evolution of the northern bet365 sign up offer system

Ming and Qing Dynasties，With the opening of new routes、The changing order of East Asia，China begins to face unprecedented maritime threats，bet365 sign up offer construction will be strengthened，And roughly experienced three important historical periods。

一，The establishment of the bet365 sign up offer system in the early Ming Dynasty。1333 years，Fall of Kamakura Shogunate，Japan enters the Southern and Northern Dynasties era，A large number of nobles who lost power、Samurai and ronin formed an armed group，Frequently intrudes on China、Coastal areas of North Korea。Facing the increasingly severe Japanese invasion，Zhu Yuanzhang ordered the establishment of guard posts in coastal areas，To strengthen bet365 sign up offer。The bet365 sign up offer station on the northern coast during the Hongwu period started from Andongwei in southern Shandong，Follow the sea to Qingzhouwei on the south coast of the Bohai Sea，Then follow the sea from Kaiping Zhongtunwei in the northwest of the Bohai Sea to Jinzhouwei in the southern part of the Liaodong Peninsula，There are as many as 40 places。Most of these guard posts are specially designed for sea defense，"Where the boat can be anchored at critical moments"，Dangerous location，As Jiaozhou said, "The tide reaches its south gate"，Aoshanwei "The tide reaches its east gate" (Tongzhi's "Jimo County Chronicles" Volume 10 "Yi Wen")。At the same time，In the Hongwu period, on the basis of following the previous generation，From Jiacang Town, Rizhao, Shandong to Xinqiao Haikou, Laoting County, North Zhili，25 inspection departments have been set up。bet365 sign up offer Station、Staggered distribution of inspection departments，Several piers under its jurisdiction、Fort，Took charge of the sentry、Defend the enemy，Initially establishing the northern bet365 sign up offer system。In addition，Zhu Yuanzhang also dispatched navy officers to patrol the sea、Order the maritime officers to suppress the Japanese，Moving Shandong coastal islanders to the mainland，And continue to carry out diplomacy with Japan，These measures played an important role in fighting against Japanese pirates。The capital was moved to Beijing during the Yongle period，The northern coast is responsible for defending the capital.、The important task of defending against invading enemies at sea and its prominent position。Zhu Di, in addition to implementing the construction of the Seven Coast Guards in Shandong Province established at the end of Hongwu，13 health centers including Tianjin Sanwei and others are also set up on the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea。At the same time，He also paid special attention to the coordination of coastal military forces、Coordination，Establish Shandong Beiwa Dusi、Shandong bet365 sign up offer Third Battalion、North Zhili Coast Defense Third Battalion and others strengthen control。After Hongwu、Management during the Yongle period，The northern bet365 sign up offer system has been initially established，And take full advantage of it，In the 17th year of Yongle (1419), we won the great victory at Wanghaiping in Liaodong，“I am afraid of Japan，More than a hundred years，No major invasion at sea" ("History of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 91 "Bing 3")。

　Second，The formation of a large-scale bet365 sign up offer coordination mechanism in the late Ming Dynasty。A long time after Yongle，The northern coast is relatively calm，Even during the Jiajing Japanese invasion period，Japanese pirates have little impact on the northern coast，Therefore, local bet365 sign up offer construction is relatively slow。Early Wanli Period，Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified Japan，Sending troops to invade North Korea，And wanted to use it as a springboard to invade the Ming Dynasty。Wanli monarchs and ministers were sending troops to aid the dynasty，Began to attach great importance to northern bet365 sign up offer，One side faces Denglai、Liaodong、Deploying troops and generals from important towns such as Tianjin，On the one hand, we are committed to building a large-scale bet365 sign up offer coordination mechanism，Except for appointing the governor of Tianjin to coordinate northern bet365 sign up offer affairs，Admiral Ji Liao was also established、Baoding、Shandong Commander-in-Chief and Tianjin Deputy Commander、Shandong General Soldier、Deputy Commander Kuan Dian、Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the bet365 sign up offer Battalion of Jizhou Middle Road and other military positions。This establishes a top-down order、Civil and military coexistence of transnational borders、Inter-provincial bet365 sign up offer system，Played an important role in ensuring the victory of the war to aid Korea and resist the Japanese。In this bet365 sign up offer system，The Korean battlefield commander takes charge of the overall situation，Governor of Tianjin and Admiral Ji Liao、Baoding、Shandong General Soldier Official Document、Second member of the armed forces, Zuo Qi, specializes in bet365 sign up offer，The governors of coastal provinces have jurisdiction over military preparations、Haifang Tongzhi and other civil servants，General military officers and generals in charge of coastal areas、Guerrilla and other military attachés participated。

After the victory of the war，The northern bet365 sign up offer force has been weakened again。Then Nurhachi emerged in the Northeast，And captured the four southern Liaoning guards in the first year of Tianqi，Direct threat to Denglai、Tianjin。Xiong Tingbi, Governor of Liaodong, in view of the importance of maritime power，Propose the "tripartite arrangement" strategy，That is, "Guangning used horseback to fight on the river"，Confronting the power of the goddess，At the same time, he took advantage of the "sea boat supervisor to enter Nanwei" (Volume 11 of "Mingxi Zong Records")，Play Tianjin、The role of Denglai。For this reason, the Ming Dynasty government reset the governor of Tianjin、New civil and military officials such as Governor Denglai，Cooperate。But unfortunately，Liaodong Governor Wang Huazhen and Xiong Tingbi disagree，Unauthorizedly dispatched Mao Wenlong to lead a small number of troops to restore coastal areas along southern Liaoning，Despite the great victory in Zhenjiang，But "causing the enemy to hate the Liao people"，Slaughter all the soldiers and civilians of the Four Guards，Heart of Gray Dongshan，Cold Korean courage，Seize the spirit of Hexi" ("History of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 259 "The Biography of Xiong Tingbi")，Disrupted Xiong Tingbi’s tripartite arrangement strategy。Xiong Tingbi is worried about this，And due to the dispute with Wang Huazhen, Guangning was defeated，The two were imprisoned one after another。Afterwards，Mao Wenlong becomes the core figure of the northern bet365 sign up offer strategy。Mao Wenlong occupies Pi Island，Lonely Overseas，Military supplies mostly rely on the mainland，But its military strength is weak，Also arrogant，Due to military supply、There are constant conflicts with the neighboring governor of Denglai on issues such as the division of defense zones，Unable to assume the important task of restoring Liaodong。After Mao Wenlong was killed by Yuan Chonghuan，The Ming court mishandled Dongjiang Town，Especially the failure to integrate his subordinates with other military towns in a timely and effective manner、Adapted，leading to the Wuqiao Incident。Afterwards，Kong Youde in Dongjiang Town、Geng Zhongming、Shang Kexi and others brought new weapons to the Qing Dynasty，Become the vanguard of the Qing Dynasty's southward march to the Central Plains。It can be said，Xiong Tingbi’s death，The Ming Dynasty’s northern bet365 sign up offer strategy lacked effective strategies，Missing weight、Many contradictions，Finally a complete defeat。

　Third，The modernization of bet365 sign up offer in northern China in the late Qing Dynasty。At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty，The order in East Asia is relatively stable，Western colonists have not yet come east on a large scale，Japan falls into lockdown again，The northern coast has been relatively peaceful except for the occasional small group of pirates.。For a long time thereafter，Northern bet365 sign up offer has not made great achievements，It was ruined due to long-term slackness，For example, Tianjin, a major bet365 sign up offer city，The garrisoned water divisions are arranged at the appropriate time，And not practicing diligently。Even in the two Opium Wars，Shandong Peninsula、The Liaodong Peninsula and Bohai Strait are poorly defended，The enemy from the sea marches straight into Tianjin，Forcing the Qing government to sign unequal treaties。After the Japanese invasion of Taiwan in 1874，Causing shock to both the government and the public，Started a major discussion on bet365 sign up offer。The Qing government decided that Li Hongzhang would be responsible for building the Beiyang Navy，Shen Baozhen supervises Nanyang bet365 sign up offer，For the first time, bet365 sign up offer has been elevated to the level of national strategy。After more than ten years of operation，The Beiyang Navy was officially established in 1888。This is China’s first modern navy，There are 25 large and small warships、50 auxiliary warships、30 transport ships、More than 4,000 officers and soldiers，And equipped with Tianjin Naval Academy、Daku Shipyard，and Lushun、Two major naval bases in Weihaiwei，We also hire foreign instructors and sergeants，And formulated the "Beiyang Navy Charter"。The Beiyang Navy was a powerful navy in Asia and even the world at that time。By creating the Beiyang Navy，Construction Lushun、Weihaiwei Naval Base, etc.，Li Hongzhang built the Liaodong Peninsula、A new bet365 sign up offer system focusing on Shandong Peninsula，“You can garrison Liao and Bo，Nowhere else can provide assistance，Supplemented by army garrison at various forts，A good foot to defend the capital" ("Westernization Movement III" compiled by the Chinese Historical Society，Shanghai People's Publishing House 1961 Edition，Page 195)。But unfortunately，In the case of comprehensive corruption in the late Qing Dynasty，Advanced battleship、Technology cannot save the crisis。In the Sino-Japanese War，Beiyang Navy encountered the Battle of Toshima one after another、Failure in the Yellow Sea Battle，But the strength still exists，Li Hongzhang ordered the Beiyang Navy to besiege the Weihai Guard Port，Completely lost the maritime mobility of new warships，Trapped in enemies from both sides、The situation of being passively beaten，Finally the entire army was annihilated。The destruction of the Beiyang Navy declared the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement，The loss of the naval base makes China lose the possibility of rebuilding its navy，Comprehensive collapse of the northern bet365 sign up offer system。This battle stimulated Japan’s aggressive ambitions，Accelerating the invasion of North Korea and the fight for Northeast China，It had a profound impact on the pattern of East Asia in the following decades。

　　Gains and losses and reflections on northern bet365 sign up offer

The establishment and evolution of the northern bet365 sign up offer system during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Maintained national defense security to a certain extent，Played an important role in the stability of the Gyeonggi area and the stability of the order in East Asia，The enthusiasm is mainly reflected in the following aspects。

一，bet365 sign up offer activities in the Ming and Qing Dynasties achieved many victories against foreign aggression，Defended maritime security，Stabilized the order in East Asia，Shows the firm determination of the Chinese people to protect territorial integrity and public security。Yongle seventeenth year，Liu Jiang, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong, set up an ambush at Wanghaicong in southern Liaoning，bet365 sign up offer soldiers fought bravely，“From Chen to You，Capture and kill them all，One hundred and thirteen people were born，Beheading more than a thousand people" ("Records of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 213)，Basically wiped out Japanese pirates along the coast，Solved the problem of Japanese pirates in the early Ming Dynasty。Victory in the war to aid Korea and resist the Japanese during the Wanli period，Smashed Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s arrogant plot，Ensuring the stability of the East Asian order。During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 in the late Qing Dynasty，Although the Beiyang Navy was completely wiped out，But the spirit of the soldiers fighting bloody battles to protect their homeland deserves full recognition。

　Second，bet365 sign up offer immigration and other promotion of the development of the northern sea area。With the establishment of the Coast Guard，A large number of military immigrants moved into the northern sea area，Played an important role in the development of coastal areas。Such as Tianjin area，In the early Ming Dynasty, it was originally a barren land，"Belongs to Xiaozhigu，A deserted place that denies bittern，There was no officialdom at the beginning" (Volume 1 "Evolution" of Kangxi's "Tianjin Wei Zhi")，Since the establishment of Tianjin Guard in the second year of Yongle，Gradually begins to develop，To the Kangxi period，"Only three hundred years since its establishment，Among them are large and small yamen and temples、Palace and Temple、An Temple、The beauty of the archway，It’s so spectacular，A majestic metropolis" ("Illustration" in the first volume of Kangxi's "Tianjin Wei Zhi")。Hundreds of years later，Qingdao on the northern coast、Weihai、Yantai、Tianjin、Dalian and other places have developed into big cities。It can be seen that the bet365 sign up offer construction since the Qing Dynasty has laid the foundation for today’s urban layout along the Bohai and Yellow Sea。

Of course，The traditional idea of ​​building a country based on agriculture has led to the lack of ocean awareness among Chinese people，There is no keen awareness of bet365 sign up offer crises，Especially in modern times，The rulers were at a loss when faced with the powerful ships and artillery of the great powers，Eventually leading to a crisis，The reason is that there are problems with the bet365 sign up offer strategy。

一，bet365 sign up offer construction lacks long-term vision，Cannot be consistent。In critical situations at sea，bet365 sign up offer construction is relatively active，When the situation at sea is stable，Relax bet365 sign up offer construction or even abandon it。Especially in the Qing Dynasty，Because the sea area was relatively calm at first，The rulers have the arrogant and arrogant mentality of "the Kingdom of Heaven"，In the nearly two hundred years from the early Qing Dynasty to the Opium War，Northern bet365 sign up offer construction is basically lackluster，The maritime key between Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula is in vain，Tianjin Naval Battalion to defend the gateway to the capital.。This puts the Qing Dynasty and the European powers that have experienced the Industrial Revolution、The gap in Japan is getting wider，So much so that during the Opium War, the British army easily crossed the Bohai Strait with their strong ships and cannons，Arrival in Tianjin。The Second Opium War，The northern bet365 sign up offer system is still in existence，The enemy of foreign invaders marches straight in，Close to Beijing and Tianjin。

　Second，bet365 sign up offer strategies and tactics are relatively conservative。The bet365 sign up offer system in the northern part of the Ming and Qing Dynasties was mainly based on bet365 sign up offer，Lack of courage to compete at sea。In the early Ming Dynasty, Wei Suo、Inspection Department Shou Lu，Supplemented by a large-scale naval patrol，But there are also pauses in the middle，After Yongle, it was completely abolished。Eight Banners in the early Qing Dynasty、Green camp stationed in Haikou，And set up navy，But the naval force is weak and does not train diligently，Cannot play its due role。Weakness of maritime maneuverability，Often leads to the loss of strategic initiative，As Liao Yongzhong said in the early Ming Dynasty，"Japanese lurking on the island，Because of the wind，Invasion，Lairuo Benlang，It’s like a frightened bird” ("The Chronicles of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 55 "Coastal Japanese Rebellion")。Without a certain scale of maritime mobility, it is difficult to effectively resist foreign enemies，Many defeats in the Ming Dynasty’s anti-Japanese war are related to this。During the Sino-Japanese War，Beiyang Navy was trapped in Weihaiwei after being frustrated at sea，Explore weaknesses and avoid strengths、Sit back and wait for death，The final defeat is irreversible，It is also a profound lesson。

The experience of northern bet365 sign up offer left to future generations、Lesson，Deserves deep reflection。From the perspective of the development history of bet365 sign up offer construction in northern China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Haifang should think about the following questions。

First，bet365 sign up offer construction should have a global perspective。bet365 sign up offer is mainly to defend against invading foreign enemies at sea，Need to have a clear grasp of the international situation at that time，Be prepared for a rainy day。The 15th to 19th centuries were an era of drastic changes in the world pattern，Although there was Zheng He’s feat of sailing to the West in Yongle period，But lacks globalization pattern，Mainly focuses on political propaganda、Foreign exchange，Ignore actual economic benefits，In the end it was too expensive to maintain。Due to lack of global vision，The Qing government knew nothing about the reality of the expansion of maritime hegemony due to the substantial improvement in navigation capabilities in modern times，Facing the constant invasion of powerful ships and artillery from the West，Continuous improper handling，Causing a fiasco。Later, with the frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries, things changed，Hence his move to create a new navy，Although it failed in the end，But it is still a measure to manage bet365 sign up offer from a global perspective，Deserves recognition。

Next，bet365 sign up offer construction should have a long-term overall plan。bet365 sign up offer construction is more important than lasting，Need to be prepared for danger in times of peace，When faced with the threat of powerful enemies，Need overall planning、Coordinate to fight against the enemy，In times of peace on the sea front，Also need to be cautious at all times，Don’t forget the danger in safety。In addition，The ocean is vast，The invading enemy suddenly arrives、Leave quietly，When there is an overall defense plan。We must pay attention to bet365 sign up offer construction in the province，We also need to explore neighboring provinces，Even the issue of coordinated defense of the entire maritime territory。During the war to aid Korea and resist the Japanese，The enhancement of bet365 sign up offer strength along the northern coast provided a strong guarantee for victory in the war，However, northern bet365 sign up offer lacked effective inter-provincial cooperation in modern times，Even after the Beiyang Navy set it up，There are still many conflicts with the governor of the northern coast，It is difficult to form a joint force，This is also an important reason for its failure。

Finally，bet365 sign up offer construction and marine development、Maritime exchange overall coordination、Collaborative development。Ming and Qing Dynasties，Chinese people generally lack advanced marine awareness，Integrate bet365 sign up offer and marine development、Marine exchanges are artificially separated，Prominently manifested in the implementation of the sea ban policy and the migration of coastal people。The implementation of the maritime ban policy led to the isolation of the country，Not only hinders normal maritime exchanges，And the coastal people who have lost their livelihood have to engage in maritime smuggling，Many of the great Japanese pirates in Jiajing were these coastal people。Migrating coastal people not only hinders the development of coastal islands，And objectively it causes the bet365 sign up offer frontline to shrink，Making some coastal islands a gathering place for pirates，causing disaster。So，bet365 sign up offer construction and marine development、Maritime exchanges must be coordinated、Collaborative development，Politics、Economy、Military、Many levels of society are closely integrated，Only in this way can we build a long-lasting relationship、Sturdy Great Wall on the Sea。

Overall，Northern bet365 sign up offer is not only related to the security of the Gyeonggi area，And for maintaining the stability of East Asia and even the entire Asia，all play a decisive role，The experience and lessons are worthy of deep reflection by future generations。

　(This article is part of the Shandong Provincial Key Social Science Project "Maritime Power and East Asian Order in the Bohai and Yellow Seas during the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (20BLSJ03)、National Social Science Fund Youth Project "Research on bet365 sign up offer in the Ming and Qing Dynasties around the Bohai Sea (1368-1912)" (13CZS022) Phased Results)

(Author’s unit: “Innovation Team on the History of Sino-Foreign Relations”, School of History and Culture, bet365 sign up offer Normal University)