The Chinese bet365 live casino games Discovery Project is in progress today，The achievements are huge，Large enough for us to reinterpret the Chinese historical narrative tradition established by Sima Qian and others，Let us re-examine some of the internationally popular theories on the origin of civilizations and countries。Unfortunately，Our theoretical summary，Difficult to match the empirical work of historians and archaeologists。This seriously hinders the study of the origin of Chinese bet365 live casino games from achieving greater achievements。It’s time to review our efforts over the past few decades，Work priorities should be readjusted，Practice theory first，At least equal emphasis should be given to empirical research。Pay special attention to，What basic concepts are used，Only in this way can we explore the origin of Chinese bet365 live casino games more scientifically and effectively。

　Clarifying the concept of "bet365 live casino games" is a prerequisite

The exploration of the origin of Chinese bet365 live casino games seems to be an issue involving only Chinese history，But in fact，It is first of all a common topic in international academic circles。It is an important part of the study of key points in the evolution of human society。This is first reflected in the word "bet365 live casino games"。It is impossible to effectively define "bet365 live casino games" solely by relying on Chinese materials，This concept can only be summarized from the entire evolution history of human society。At least，If we don’t comparatively study the ancient two river basins、Egypt、History of India and Central and South America，Only from the perspective of China’s pre-Qin history，It is impossible to define "bet365 live casino games" and successfully conduct research on the origin of Chinese bet365 live casino games。The author thinks，If we want the Chinese bet365 live casino games Discovery Project to proceed more smoothly，From the beginning, more human and financial resources should be allocated to study the definition of "bet365 live casino games" within the entire world history。Don’t understand what “bet365 live casino games” is，We cannot allow “bet365 live casino games” to pass the empirical test of the entire evolution of human society，How to prove when and where "Chinese bet365 live casino games" originated？

The Chinese bet365 live casino games Discovery Project is based on this basic issue，Serious academic discussion is urgently needed。Chinese archaeologists should indeed be the main force in the source exploration project，But，If you don’t understand what “bet365 live casino games” is，Only rely on them to devote their main energy to discovering when and where "bet365 live casino games" originated in China，This is procedurally reversed。So we see，Chinese bet365 live casino games originated millions of years ago、Eight thousand years ago、Six thousand years ago、Five thousand years ago、Four thousand years ago and three thousand years ago，Wait，There are various theories emerging。The symbol of the origin of so-called "bet365 live casino games"，I will use fire later，It will be astronomical in a while，Agriculture in a while，It will be jade in a while，It will be text in a moment，Bronze in a moment，It will be a large tomb in a while，It will be "Palace" for a while，It will be the city site in a moment，Wait，Variety，Looking dazzled，No one can convince anyone。Even，Many scholars try to advance the origin of Chinese "bet365 live casino games" to before the ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt，Passionately changed the title "The Origin of bet365 live casino games" to "The Origin of bet365 live casino games Factors"。After changing the proposition in this way，Don’t they really know，The origin of what is commonly referred to as the "bet365 live casino games" of Mesopotamia and Egypt，Talking about the origin of the country，Rather than the emergence of narrow cultural factors such as agriculture or writing？Compare different civilizations，Need the same standards，This is a basic requirement。What’s more，The origin of any factor，Can’t we go back to before the last time Homo sapiens left Africa？

Definition of "bet365 live casino games"，It is a question in the field of comparative research。A horizontal investigation of early human social evolution away from other regions，Only based on the exploration of early history in China，Rely only on Chinese archaeologists，It is impossible to obtain a valid definition。A scientific and effective definition of "bet365 live casino games"，It is the premise or foundation for the smooth progress of the Chinese bet365 live casino games exploration project；There is no more "civilized" standard，It is impossible to find when and where bet365 live casino games originated in China。

　　There is no consensus on the existing concept of "bet365 live casino games"

So far，The concept of "bet365 live casino games" is both connotative and denotative，It’s hard to say there is a consensus。The meaning is complicated and confusing，Rare in academic history，Therefore，Someone listed it at the top of the "Troublesome Words Ranking"。Li Jianming, professor of the Department of History at Fudan University, once roughly sorted it out，Point out，Only in historical works，The concept of "bet365 live casino games" has an "era" that is continuous and opposite to the "barbaric era"，The last of the three stages of “ignorance”, “savagery” and “bet365 live casino games” by classical evolutionists，Focus on production activities、Technical form、Artistic achievement、Human lifestyle such as religious beliefs，Means close to "society"，Six meanings are the same as or close to "culture" and history since the beginning of written records。The word "bet365 live casino games" itself has long been a product of Western-centrism，It even became a tool to legitimize the behavior of Western colonizers。Therefore，Li Jianming quoted the views of a Western scholar，Believing that “bet365 live casino games” should be abandoned, “the meaning is completely confusing、Concept mainly with ideological orientation。

Using such a word with confusing meaning and imprint of Western-centrism as the core concept of the project to explore the origins of Chinese bet365 live casino games，This is “reasonable” for Chinese scholars to find it difficult to understand。so far，In the international academic community，Overall，Such a confusing concept，But few people have sorted it out。The reason is，Climbing and combing work is time-consuming and laborious。Therefore，The author discovered an interesting phenomenon: researchers in academia now try to avoid using the word "bet365 live casino games" as much as possible，The concept of “country” is increasingly used to conduct research on key points in the evolution of human society。This trend has started since Engels。Engels "Family"、The Origin of Private Ownership and the State》，This book is based on Marx's "Summary of Louis-Hen Morgan's "Ancient Society"""，The subtitle states more clearly that it is "Based on the research results of Louis Henry Morgan"，And，The main framework for the evolution of ancient society used Morgan's "ignorance、Three major stages of barbarism and bet365 live casino games。But，He rather puzzlingly titled the book "Family"、The Origin of Private Ownership and the State》，Instead of "family、Private ownership and the origin of bet365 live casino games”。What deserves special attention is，In content，Engels used the word "state" nearly 1 times as often as the word "bet365 live casino games".6 times。This is in surprising contrast to Morgan: the latter only used the word "country" about 0.0 times as often as the word "bet365 live casino games".26 times。The author thinks，Engels felt the ambiguity of the word "bet365 live casino games" precisely based on his scientific instinct，Intentionally or unintentionally, the concept of “country” is used more often。On the use of the concept of "bet365 live casino games"，Engels is more describing Morgan’s meaning。And on the "national" issue，Engels combined with Morgan’s discussion，Advances the research on this key concept greatly。

Later，Due to Boasian criticism of Morgan’s Western-centrism，Making classical evolution silent for nearly half a century。Since the 1840s，New evolutionists represented by White and others have brought the theory of evolution back to the academic forefront。However，After the resurgence of the theory of evolution，On the frequency of use of the concepts of “bet365 live casino games” and “country”，We are seeing a completely different trend from Morgan’s era。Especially since the 1960s，On the issue of dividing the stages of social evolution，The concept of “country” can be said to have gradually replaced “bet365 live casino games”。Among them，The most famous and leading related research to this day is the theory of Service and Fried。Both of them believe that there are four stages of development: tour group-tribe-chiefdom-state，Egalitarian society--class society--stratified society--state。What is different from Morgan，They explicitly identify the last stage of social evolution as simply “the state”，Instead of like Morgan，Primarily identifies this stage as "bet365 live casino games"。Visible，They mostly followed the ideas started by Engels，And take it to the extreme。

Of course，At Serves，We still see some hesitation。13 years after Service proposed the four-stage development theory，In 1975 he published the book "The Origin of States and Civilizations"。On title，Serves still juxtaposes the two concepts；Although he clearly stated it in the book，Due to the ambiguity of the concept of "bet365 live casino games"，He mainly identified the object of research as "country"。

Later cultural anthropologists，Many people even talk about “country” instead of “bet365 live casino games”。The most notable was the publication of the book "Early States" edited by Creerson and Skalnik in 1978。From now on，The academic community is paying more attention to the definition of “country” and the origin and evolution of “early countries”。About "Early States"，Scholars at its origin、Formation、Extensive exploration of a wide range of issues such as rise and fall，The content involves system construction、Ideology、Cultural identity and economic aspects。Relatively speaking，Research in the name of “bet365 live casino games”，In the field of cultural anthropology，In the field of empirical history and archaeology，There are fewer and fewer in the world。This is very different from the domestic research trend。

　"State" is the way for human beings to step out of primitive bet365 live casino gamesAppropriate flag

The evolution of human society has reached a critical point，Get out of primitive society，Enter a completely different new era，There must be a qualitative difference in the social structure itself，Instead of things on the "museum-style list" such as "astronomy", "agriculture", "jades", "text", "metals", "large tombs" or (and) "cities", etc.。Although this kind of thing may also appear in this new society。The problem is，A society where such things appear，There may not be any changes in social structure that are completely different from those in primitive society。And，No such thing appears，The structure of a certain society can also undergo qualitative changes that are completely different from that of primitive society。This means，History does not necessarily arrange for someone to distinguish between "bet365 live casino games" and society in the narrow cultural sense、“bet365 live casino games” in the economic and political senses originated from the same place at the same time。

To summarize，Scholars have conducted a lot of research，Proves the appearance of any so-called "bet365 live casino games" element or element on the "museum-like list"，It is not a necessary condition when a society enters a new era。Lack of qualitative changes in social structure，Lack of the appearance of “country”，Speaking of a society that has broken away from primitive society，Entering a new era，Even the advocates themselves would not believe this。At the same time，"Country" appears，Even if there are no "bet365 live casino games" elements or signs such as "astronomy", "agriculture", "jade", "writing", "metal", "large tombs" or (and) "cities" that many scholars emphasize，We still have enough reasons to believe，This society has entered a new era with a completely different governance structure from a primitive society。

Therefore，Our proposition is，The so-called “exploring the origins of bet365 live casino games”，That is, "National Source Discovery"。What’s more，Our past research proves，The word "bet365 live casino games" used in the sense of studying social evolution，In the West，The etymology originally comes from "country"。

The problem is，Although the word "bet365 live casino games" has a confusing meaning，But，Either in academia，Still among ordinary people，Took too long。To abandon it completely，It’s not realistic。The author thinks，In academia，While conducting research on key points in the evolution of human society，Only use the core concept of "country"。In academic and non-academic conversations，We can also use the word "bet365 live casino games"，But define it as the culture after the emergence of "state"。The advantage of doing this is，Taking into account traditional usage，You can also clearly study the key points in the evolution of human society from primitive society to national society。Even，Only this，The saying of "Five Thousand Years of Chinese bet365 live casino games"，Only then can we stand firm on the core concepts，Only then can it be more able to withstand the empirical test of historical materials on the development of human society。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of bet365 live casino games and Culture, South China Normal University)