The Source of the Chinese Civilization Source Project is going to today，The achievements achieved are huge，It is enough to let us re -explain the traditional Chinese narrative tradition established by Sima Qian and others，Let's re -examine some of the international civilization and national origin theory。Unfortunately，Our theoretical summary，It is also difficult to match the empirical work of historians and archaeologists。This seriously hinders the achievements of the origin of the origin of Chinese civilization。It should be reviewed for our decades of hard work，Should adjust the focus of work，Implement theoretical priority，At least it should be emphasized with empirical research。In particular, focus on focus，What basic concepts do you use，can we be more scientific and effective to carry out the source of Chinese civilization。

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Chinese civilization exploration work seems to be a question that involves only Chinese history，But in fact，It is a common topic of international academic first。It is an important part of the key point research of the entire human society.。This is first manifested on the term "civilization"。Only relying on Chinese materials cannot effectively define "civilization"，This concept can be summarized only from the evolutionary history of human society。At least，If we do not compare the study of ancient Lianghe Basin、Egypt、History of India and Central South America，Examination from the history of the Qin Dynasty in China，It is impossible。I think，China Civilization Source Project should be carried out more smoothly，More manpower and financial resources should be taken from the beginning of the world's historical scope to study the problem of "civilization" definition。Do not figure out what "civilization" is，Cannot allow "civilization" to pass the empirical inspection bet365 live casino games of the entire human society's evolution materials，How to demonstrate when "Chinese civilization" originated from?

Chinese civilization exploration project on this basic problem，Unexpected need to conduct serious academic discussion。Chinese archaeologists should indeed be the main force of the exploration source project，but，If the "civilization" is not figured out，Just rely on them to put the main energy on discovering "civilization" above where it originated in China，This is upside -down。So we see，Chinese civilization originated from a million years ago、8,000 years ago、Six thousand years ago、5,000 years ago、4,000 years ago and more than 3,000 years ago，etc.，Various sayings are endless。The sign of the so -called "civilization" origin，Use fire for a while，It will be astronomy for a while，It will be agriculture for a while，It will be jade for a while，It will be text for a while，It will be bronze for a while，It will be a large tomb for a while，It will be "Palace" for a while，It will be a city site for a while，etc.，Flowers and Eight Dates，It looks dazzling，No one can persuade anyone。Even，Many scholars in order to earn the origin of the "civilization" of China to the ancient two river basins and Egypt，Delieva has remained calmly changed to the "origin of civilization" into "the origin of civilized factors"。After changing this proposition，Did they really know，The origin of the two river basins and the "civilization" of the "civilization" of the two river basins，Talk about the origin of the country，Is it the emergence of narrow cultural factors such as agriculture or text? Compare different civilizations，Need the same standard，This is a basic requirement。Not to mention，Origin of any factors，Can we not go back to the last one before the last one walks out of Africa?

Define "Civilization"，Is a problem in a comparative research field。Leaving the horizontal survey of early social evolution of human beings from other regions，Exploration of the early history of China，Just relying on Chinese archeologists，It is impossible bet365 best casino games to get effective definition。A scientific and effective "civilization" definition，It is the premise or basis for smoothing the Chinese civilization exploration project; there is no standard for "civilization"，Can the civilization be found in China when it will originate and where it is。

　　The concept of "civilization" has no consensus

So far，The concept of "civilization" whether it is in connotation or extension，It's hard to say that there is a consensus。The complicated chaos of its meaning，It is rare in academic history，Therefore，Someone listed it in the top of the "Trouble Word Rankings"。Professor Li Jianming, a professor at the Department of History of Fudan University, once roughly sorted out，Point out，Only in historical works，The concept of "civilization" has the "era" that continues and relative to the "barbaric era"，Classical evolutionist "obscure", "barbaric" and "civilization" three stages of the last stage，Focus on production activities、Technical form、Artistic achievements、Human lifestyle of religious beliefs，"Society"，Yitong or near "Culture" and the six historical records of the text records。The word "civilization" itself has been the product of Western central theory for a long time，Even once became a tool for legalization of Western colonists。Therefore，Li Jianming quoted the point of view of a Western scholar，It is believed that the meaning of "civilization" should be abandoned.、The concept of "concept with ideological orientation。

Using such a disordered meaning and a word with Western central discussion marks as the core concept of the Chinese civilization exploration source project，This makes it difficult for Chinese scholars to figure out that it is "reasonable"。So far，In the international academic world，Generally speaking，A concept of such a mixed and chaotic，But few people sort out it。The reason is，Time to work costs for climbing combing。Therefore，I found an interesting phenomenon: Related researchers in academia now avoid Bet365 app download the use of the word "civilization" as much as possible，More and more using the concept of "state" to conduct research on the evolution of human society's evolution of joint nodes。This trend has begun since Engels。Engels "Home、The Origin of Private and State "，It was based on Marx's "Louis Heng Morgen" Ancient Society "Abstract，The subtitle is more clear. It is clearly explained that "the research results of Louis Heng Morgen"，And，The main framework of the evolution of its ancient society is used by Morgen's "obscurity、Barbaric and Civilization: "。but，He is quite puzzling to set the title "Family、The Origin of Private and State "，instead of "family、Origin of Private and Civilization "。Especially worthy of special attention is，In content，Engels used the word "country" to frequency is nearly 1.6 times the word "civilization"。This is amazingly compared with Morgen: The frequency of the latter using the word "country" is only about 0.26 times the word "civilization"。I think，Engels feels the word "civilization" based on science instincts，and intentionally or unintentionally using the concept of "country"。In the use of the concept of "civilization"，Engels is more describing the meaning of Morgen。On the issue of "Country"，Engels combined with Morgan's discussion，The study of this key concept has greatly promoted one step。

Later，Due to criticism of the Western Center of the Western Center of the Boias Academy，Make classical evolutionary theory of evolution for nearly half a century。Since the 1840s，New evolutionary theory represented by White and others will let the evolutionary theory re -enter the academic frontiers。But，After the evolution theory is restarted，In terms of the use frequency of the concepts of "civilization" and "national"，We have seen a trend that is completely different from the Morgan era。Especially since the 1960s,，On the issue of dividing the social evolution stage，The concept of "National" can be said to gradually replace "civilization"。where，The bet365 best casino games most famous and dominated research is the theory of Sevis and Fried。Both of them think that there are four development stages: tour group -tribe -Emperor State，Equal Society -Social Society -Stratian Social。Different from Morgan is，They clearly determine the last stage of social evolution as "national"，Not like Morgen，Mainly determine this stage as "civilization"。Visible，They are more of the idea of ​​using Engels，and play it to the extreme。

Of course，Where to Sevis，How much do we still see some hesitant。After 13 years of Devis proposed the theory of four -stage development theory，In 1975, he published the book "The Origin of the Country and Civilization"。On the title，Sevis still tied two concepts; although he explained in the book，Due to the vague blur of the concept of "civilization"，He mainly determines the object of research as "country"。

Cultural anthropologist afterwards，Many even talk about "the country" instead of "civilization"。The most conspicuous is the publishing of the book "Early State" edited by Kleon and Scarnik in 1978。Since then，The academic world is more concerned about the definition of "country" and the origin and evolution of the "early state"。About "Early State"，Scholars are originally originally、Formed、A large number of explorations have been conducted on extensive issues such as prosperity and decline，Content involving institutional construction、Ideology、Cultural identity and economy。Relatively speaking，Research in the name "Civilization"，In the field of cultural anthropology，In the field of empirical history and archeology，less and less international。This is very different from the trend of domestic research。

　"Country" is the human being out of the primitive societyAppropriate signs

Human society has evolved to a joint node，Go out of the original society，Enter a completely different new era，It must be a qualitative difference in the social structure itself，instead of "astronomy", "agriculture", "jade", "text", "metal", "large tomb" or (and) Bet365 app download "museum -style list" such as "museum"。Although this new society may also appear at the same time。The question lies in，Society of such things，It may not have changed differently from the original society in terms of social structure。And，No such thing appears，The structure of a society can also appear completely different from the primitive society.。This means，History has not necessarily arranged "civilization" and society in the narrow cultural sense、"Civilization" in the aspects of economic and political aspects originated in the same place。

Summary to see，Scholars conducted a lot of research，Prove the emergence of any so -called "civilization" element or the element on the Bet365 app download "museum -style list"，It is not necessary conditions when a society enters a new era。and lack of changes in social structural qualities，Lack of the emergence of "country"，Say a society out of the original society，Entering a new era，This is not even the claims themselves will not believe it。At the same time，"Country" appeared，Even "astronomy", "agriculture", "jade", "text", "metal", "large tomb" or "city" or "city" such as "astronomy", "agriculture", "jade", "text", "text", "text", "，We still have enough reasons to believe，This society has entered a new era with a very different governance structure from the primitive society。

Therefore，Our proposition is，The so -called "civilized exploration source"，is "National Exploration"。Not to mention，Our past research proof，The word "civilization" used in the sense of social evolution，In the West，The source of the word originally came from "country"。

The question lies in，The word "civilization" Although the meaning is chaotic，but，Whether in the academic world，Still with ordinary people，It has been used for too long。If you want to completely abandon it，Is not very realistic。I think，In the academic world，When conducting the research of human society evolution node research，Only use the core concept of "country"。When performing academic bet365 best casino games and non -academic dialogue，We can also use the word "civilization"，But define it as a culture after the appearance of "country"。The advantage of doing this is，both take care of traditional usage，You can also clearly conduct research from human society from primitive society to national social evolution joint nodes。Even，Only this，The saying of "5,000 years of Chinese civilization"，Only can it stand in the core concept，Only the empirical inspection of historical materials of the entire human society can be more able to withstand。

　　(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture, South China Normal University)