The concept of the term "Silk Road"，It is the first German in Germans，The main form is German synthetic words("Silk Road" single number) and("Silk Road" plural)。The earliest person to create the word "Silk Road"，It should be known as the "Father of the Silk Road 'concept"。1910，Albert Herrmann，1886-1945) In the book "Ancient Silk Road between China and Syria", it is declared that the person who creates the word "Silk Road" in German，Ferdinand von Richthofen，1833-1905)。Li Xiphefen published the German book "China" in Berlin in 1877，Use multiple times("Silk Road" single number) and("Silk Road" plural)。"China" in Volume 1 of "Central Asian Transportation" drawn in 1876，Apart from the words in the lower right corner("Silk Road" single number)，Explain that Li Xipifen's earliest concept of using the "Silk Road" was 1876。Herman's proposed "Li Xi Hoffen's first theory"，It is still adopted by the world to this day。Almost all Silk Road History Research Theory in my country，The concept of the "Silk Road" will be written by German geographical scientist Li Xifen in 1877 in the book "China".。

With the rapid development of computer retrieval technology，People use the help of search engines and other technologies，You can retrieve the various German literature databases published in modern times。Search results show，Before Li Xipifen，In the German literature, it has appeared("Silk Road" single number) or("Silk Road" plural)。This is here，"Li Xiphefen's first theory" does not attack self -break。The first "Silk Road" record that can be retrieved so far，Teacher who appeared in Li Hohafen、Carl Ritter，1779-1859) In 1838, "Earth Science and its relationship with nature and human history" (hereinafter referred to as "Earth Science") published in Berlin。Volume 692，Use("Silk Road" single number)。The book prints with Bet365 lotto review German flower body characters，The word is blocked as two parts，Appears at the end of the countdown、Period No. 5，Connect with characters，turn intoIt is difficult to identify. But people finally successfully recognized("Silk Road" single number)，enough to explain: Litel is the world's first "Silk Road" concept。

Litel is the founder of modern European geography，Since 1820 as a professor of geography at the University of Berlin，Dist until 1859，Cultivated a large number of geographicalists for Europe。Revolutionary mentor Karl Marx，1818-1883) From 1836-1841, I studied at the University of Berlin，Edition of Litel's geographical course，"Reasonable kernel" from Litel，That is, in principle, the impact of geographical conditions on social development。Li Xiphefen studied geography at the University of Berlin from 1852-1856，Also from Litel。At this time，Litel has created the concept of the "Silk Road"，The first volume of Li Xipifen's thought and its "China" must have an impact。

　Bet365 app download

China Silk 6th Century BC -After entering Europe in the 4th century,，Gradually becoming an indispensable luxury goods for the upper society in the West。Therefore，Western silk merchants have gone to China to buy silk，In ancient Greece、The Roman period became the norm。With the West Biography of Silk，Direct borrowing in Western languages ​​to pronounce the pronunciation of the word "silk" in ancient Chinese，transliterate "Silk"。For example，Greek Chineseand its Latin Chinese form Ser ("Silk")，All transliterations of Chinese characters "silk"。Ancient Greece、Romans are accustomed to calling silk origin as seres (transliterate "Cyris"，Free translation "Silk Kingdom")，Real refers to China。

In the second half of the century AD，Macedonian silk merchant Mess Tetius's agent to buy silk，Starting from Hillablis from Hippad River Ferry (now Northeast Syrian Aleppo)，Cross the two river basins、Northern Iranian Plateau、Passing a transit station called "Stone Tower"，Turn over Bet365 lotto review the Pamir Plateau to enter China，Southern Road in the Western Regions、Hexi Corridor、Longyou、Guanzhong，SERA (transliteration "Sara"，Free translation "Silk City"，That is Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty)。Later，This silk trading dealer is recorded by the ancient Greek geographical scientist, which is recorded by the ancient Greek geographical scientist.，Reference by ancient Greek geographical scientist Claude Pto Toti，It can be saved in the form of Latin Chinese translations，Known as the "Road of Ceris"，That is "the Road of Silk Kingdom" or "China Road"。

early 19th century，German sinologist who lives in France, Julius Kraplot、French Sinologist Abel Lei Musha and others，Study SER ("Silk") and its expression in various languages，After studying seres ("Silk Kingdom")。In Fa、In the works of German scholars，Seres ("Silk Kingdom") appeared in French form Sérique ("Silk Kingdom") and German form seren (transliterate "Sailan"，Free translation "Silk Kingdom")。The Germans like to use Seren ("Silk Kingdom")，Indicates Seidenland (free translation "Silk Kingdom")。For the commercial roads taken by the agent of Titiaus to and from the "Silk Kingdom"，The Germans call it Stra?，That is "the road of the Silk Kingdom")，Or a combination of the word into Serenstra?。

Litel published "Earth Science" in Berlin in 1817 after Vol. 1，Start paying attention to Asian geography concepts such as "Silk Kingdom" and "Silk Kingdom Road"。1818，Later in the Old Edition of Earth Science, Volume 2, Chapter 39，Repeated use of seres、Seren ("Sirius" and "Silk Kingdom") and other concepts。When mentioning the "Silk Kingdom Road" by the agent of Titiazus to and from the "Silk Kingdom"，Littel is called a Serenstra? 覻 E or Stra?，That is "the road of the Silk Kingdom")。Litel also mentioned in this chapter that "Die Gro? 覻 E Stra? 覻 E Von Ferghana)，Say "It is also the same‘ business avenue to the Silk Kingdom ’(GRO? 覻 Bet365 app download E Handelsstra? 覻 E Zu Den Seren)，Land Avenue that span the land starts from here，Cross Bactra (Bactra)，Arrive at Barhgaza (Barhgaza) in southern India。When we are discussing Ptolemy，I have mentioned this road "。

In the old version of Earth Science, Volume 2, Chapter 40，Lee Tel also said: "From the perspective of geography，Oslusqina's mines are located between them，Just on ‘Gro? 覻 EN Stra? 覻 E der Seren Durch Ferghana)。"" Earth Science "Old version 2 Volume 2 often appears Serenstra? 覻 E (" Sailan Road "，The concept of "The Road of Silk Kingdom")，It is the prelude to Litter's concept of "Silk Road"。

　　Litel transforms the "Silk Kingdom" to"Silk Road" process

After the concept of "Silk Kingdom" appears，Soon in the German geography community。The new version of Earth Science published in 1832, "Earth Science", Volume 2, Chapter 24，When discussing Jingjiao East Biography: "This is also the entrance to the entrance to the entrance to the trade avenue (GRO? 覻 E handelsstra?，It is located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River。This is the road of ancient Silk Kingdom.，Ptolemy's description of it。"Littel means，"The Road to the Silk Kingdom" by the missionaries of the Ejaculate，That is, the modern "Trade Avenue to China"。

German geography scientist Feldannan Heinrich Mueller published in 1837，Serenstra? 覻 覻 E ("The Road of Silk Kingdom") as a route extending from China to Europe: "ambitious businessmen，Starting from the most east of the AUF DER GRO? 覻 EN Serenstra?，Several plateau in East Asia，Bring the precious silk textiles from the hometown of silk to the Western world。"After the Germans repeatedly use the concepts of concepts such as the concept of the concept of the concept of the concept of the concept of the concept of the concept of the concept of the concept of the concept of the concept of the concept of the concept of the" Silk Kingdom ")，Litel replaced Seren ("Silk Kingdom") with Seiden (German "Silk")，Finally created the word Seidenstra?。

1838，Litel published "Earth Science" Volume 8 in Berlin。In Chapter 13 of this volume，Talking bet365 best casino games about the silk weaving industry in Jilan, northwestern Iran，There are two communication routes to the West in the West，Except for Ceylon (Sri Lanka)、India、Persian Bay、Outside the South Sea on the Arabian Sea，There is also a SeiDenstra from China to the Lili Sea?。Lee Tel's original words are as follows: "Except this crossing Ceylon、India and Persian Gulf -Arabia's southern marine road (Südlichen Maritimen Wege)，... Almost at the same time，An also opens a ‘Silk Road line through the north continent’ (n? 觟 RDLICHE Contthlene Weg Der Seidenstra? 覻 E)。This land to west from China，Direct Dharma Lihai。"SeiDenstra? 覻 E (" Silk Road "single number)，is the earliest "Silk Road" concept in German literature。

Lee Tel has only used Seidenstra once in Volume 8 of "Earth Science".，but did not explain the word。According to the meaning of the text，Litel uses Seidenstra? 覻 E ("Silk Road" single)，does not include the sea road in the south (now known as "Maritime Silk Road")，Special refers to the northern land of the northern land that the agent of Titiazus walked to and from the "Silk Kingdom"，also Marinus、"The Road of Silk Kingdom" recorded by Ptolemy。From this perspective，The original intention of the "Silk Road"，Special refers to the "Road of Silk Kingdom" or "China Road"。

　　The concept of the "Silk Road" is popular in the German world

1838，Lee Tel's first SeiDenstra? 覻 E ("Silk Road" single number)，This word is gradually popular in the German world。Where，German historian John Kaiyo Buddha's use frequency is the highest frequency。1850 years，Kayford in "Chinese before the Abraham" published in Dresden，Frequently use Stra? 覻 E des Alten Seidenhandels、Alte Seidenhandelsstra? 覻 E ("Ancient Silk Trading Road") and other concepts。Where，SEIDENHANDELSSTRA? 覻 E ("Silk Trading Road" single) is close to Seidenstra? 覻 E ("Silk Road" single)。

1858-1860，Kaiyou Buddha published 3 volumes of "East Asia History written Bet365 lotto review for people who love human history" (hereinafter referred to as "East Asia History")。"History of East Asia"，Seidenstrasse in total 10 times (that is, SeiDenstra? 覻 E，"Silk Road" single number)。Where，East Asia History published in 1858 uses 3 times in Volume 1，Published 5 times in Volume 2, published in 1859,，The 3rd of East Asia History published in 1860 was used twice in Volume 3。When Kaiyo wrote "East Asia History"，Reference to Liteel's work。It can be speculated，The word he frequently uses the German "Silk Road"，It should be affected by Litel。

After Kaiyo Buddha，German geography scientist、Herman Gut, a teacher of Hannover College of Technology, published in Hanover in 1868、Geographical Textbook written by senior classes。The book Chapter 7 Discussing in Asian Geography: "Roman businessmen also arrived here from here (Seidenstra? 覻 E)，For the precious product (ie, silk) to the West。"" 1874，German middle school teacher Robert Mark published a paper "The Importance of Black Sea for World Trade"，Mentioned "Chinese Business Group on the Silk Road" (Auf der Seidenstra? 覻 E)。This is after Litel、Li Xipifen before，The German last used Seidenstra? 覻 E ("Silk Road" single number) concept。

According to the above discussion，We have the following conclusions: Before Li Xiphin published "China" in 1877，The German has used SeiDenstra? 覻 E ("Silk Road" single)。In the case of 13 concepts of the "Silk Road" in the early days,，Littel, the first SeiDenstra? 覻 E ("Silk Road" single), which was the first in the 8th volume of "Earth Science" in "Earth Science"，Because it is the earliest "Silk Road" concept in human literature。Based on this，should be abandoned in 1877 "Li Xiphoven's first theory"，Using 1838 "Litel's first theory"。

Li Xipifen lost the crown of the "Father of the Silk Road" concept,，But his achievements in the history of the concept of the "Silk Road" still cannot be ignored。Li Xipifen, on May 5, 1877, read the article "The Central Asian Silk Road, about the 2nd century of the Christian Epoch" at the Bet365 app download Berlin Geographical Society，Seidenstra? 覻 EN (plural of the "Silk Road")，On September 13, 1877, translated by the British "Nature" magazine into a standard British translation form Silk Routes。Students of Litel、French geographical scientist Jacques Yarisre Requir in 1881 in "New World Geography", Volume 6, Volume 6，Translate SeiDenstra?，Therefore, the concept of the "Silk Road" is realized in English、French、Standardization of terms in the three major languages ​​in German。

　(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture of Lanzhou University)