The concept of the term "bet365 best casino games"，It was first created by Germans in German，The main form is a German compound word("bet365 best casino games" singular) and(plural of "bet365 best casino games")。The first person to coin the term "bet365 best casino games"，Should be known as “the father of the ‘bet365 best casino games’ concept”。1910，German geographer Albert Herrmann，1886-1945) claimed in the book "The Ancient bet365 best casino games between China and Syria": the person who first coined the term "bet365 best casino games" in German，is the German geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen，1833—1905）。Volume 1 of Richthofen's German work "China" was published in Berlin in 1877，Multiple uses("bet365 best casino games" singular) and(plural of "bet365 best casino games")。In the first volume of "China", there is a "Transportation Map of Central Asia" drawn in 1876，Appears in the commentary in the lower right corner("bet365 best casino games" singular)，Explain that Richthofen first used the concept of “bet365 best casino games” in 1876。The "Richthofen Original Theory" proposed by Hermann，Still used all over the world。In almost all research works on the history of the bet365 best casino games in my country，Everyone will write that the concept of "bet365 best casino games" was first proposed by German geographer Richthofen in his book "China" in 1877。

With the rapid development of computer retrieval technology，People use the help of technology such as search engines，Search various German literature databases published in modern times。Search results display，Long before Richthofen，already appeared in German literature("bet365 best casino games" singular) or(plural of "bet365 best casino games")。In this way，"Richthofen's original theory" is self-defeating。The first "bet365 best casino games" record that can be retrieved so far，The teacher who appeared in Richthofen、German geographer Carl Ritter，1779-1859) in Volume 8 of "Earth Science and its Relation to Nature and Human History" (hereinafter referred to as "Earth Science") published in Berlin in 1838。on page 692 of this volume，Used(singular "bet365 best casino games")。The book is printed in German cursive script，The word is cut into two parts，Appears at the end of the 6th line from the bottom、Start of the 5th line from the bottom，hyphenated，become, difficult to identify. But people eventually succeeded in identifying it(singular "bet365 best casino games")，Suffice it to say: Little was the first person in the world to create the concept of “bet365 best casino games”。

Little was the founder of modern European geography，Professor of Geography at the University of Berlin since 1820，Until his death in 1859，cultivated a large number of geographers for Europe。Revolutionary mentor Karl Marx，1818-1883) studied at the University of Berlin from 1836 to 1841，Took Little’s geography course，Absorbed the "reasonable core" from Little，That is, in principle recognizing the impact of geographical conditions on social development。Richthofen studied geography at the University of Berlin from 1852 to 1856，Also studied under Little。At this time，Little has created the concept of "bet365 best casino games"，Must have had an influence on Richthofen's thought and "China" Volume 1。

　The emergence of the concept of “bet365 best casino games”

After Chinese bet365 best casino games was imported into Europe from the 6th century BC to the 4th century BC，Gradually becoming an indispensable luxury item for the upper class in the West。Therefore，Western bet365 best casino games merchants have gone to China to buy bet365 best casino games，In ancient Greece、Becoming the norm during the Roman period。With the spread of bet365 best casino games to the west，The pronunciation of the ancient Chinese word "Si" is directly borrowed from Western languages，Transliterated the name "bet365 best casino games"。For example，in Greekand its Latin form Ser ("bet365 best casino games")，Both are the transliterations of the Chinese character "Si"。Ancient Greece、The Romans used to call the origin of bet365 best casino games Seres (transliteration: Seres)，Free translation of "bet365 best casino games Country")，actually refers to China。

Later half of the 1st century AD，The agent of the Macedonian bet365 best casino games merchant Mes Titianus to purchase bet365 best casino games，Departing from Hierapolis (now northeast of Aleppo, Syria), a crossing of the Euphrates River, heading east，Crossing the Two Rivers、Northern Iranian Plateau、Passing through a transfer station called "Stone Tower"，Cross the Pamir Plateau and enter China，Via Xiyu South Road、Hexi Corridor、Longyou、Guanzhong，Go all the way to the capital city of ("bet365 best casino games Country") Sera (transliteration "Sela"，Free translation of "bet365 best casino games City"，That is Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China)。Later，This bet365 best casino games trade route was recorded by the ancient Greek geographer Marius of Tyre，Also quoted by the ancient Greek geographer Claude Ptolemy，Preserved as a Latin translation，Known as "The Road to Seris"，That is, "Road to bet365 best casino games Country" or "Road to China"。

Early 19th century，Julius Klaplot, a German sinologist living in France、French sinologist Abel Remoussa and others，First study Ser ("bet365 best casino games") and its expressions in various languages，After studying Seres ("bet365 best casino games Country")。In France、In the works of German scholars，Seres ("bet365 best casino games Country") appears in the French form sérique ("bet365 best casino games Country") and the German form Seren (transliteration "Saira"，Free translation of "bet365 best casino games Country")。Germans like to use Seren ("bet365 best casino games Country")，Indicates Seidenland (free translation of "bet365 best casino games Country")。For the trade route taken by Titianus’ agent to and from the “bet365 best casino games Kingdom”，Germans call it Stra?覻e der Seren ("The Road to Seren"，That is, "Road to bet365 best casino games Country")，Or combine this word to become Serenstra?覻e(“Road to bet365 best casino games Country”)。

After Little published the first volume of "Earth Science" in Berlin in 1817，Began to pay attention to Asian geography concepts such as "bet365 best casino games Country" and "bet365 best casino games Country Road"。1818，Little in the old edition of "Earth Science", Volume 2, Chapter 39，Repeated use of Seres、Seren ("Serris", "bet365 best casino games Country") and other concepts。When referring to the “Road to the bet365 best casino games Country” that Titianus’ agent took to and from the “bet365 best casino games Country”，Little just calls it Serenstra?馻e or Stra?覻e der Seren ("The Road to Seren"，That is, "Road to bet365 best casino games Country")。Little also mentions in this chapter the "road from Fergana" (die gro?馻e Stra?覻e von Ferghana），Said “It is also the same ‘commerce road leading to bet365 best casino games Country’ (gro?馻e Handelsstra?覻ezu den Seren），The overland road across the land starts here，Through Bactra，Arrived at Barhgaza in southern India。When we discuss Ptolemy，This road has already been mentioned"。

In the old edition of "Earth Science", Volume 2, Chapter 40，Little said again: "From a geographical point of view，The mines of Osluszina are located between them，On the ‘Great bet365 best casino games Through Fergana’ (gro?覻en Stra?覻e der Seren durch Ferghana）上。”Serenstra often appears in the old edition of "Earth Science" Volume 2?覻e ("Road to Sailan"，The concept of "Road to Silk Country"，It is the prelude to Little’s creation of the concept of “bet365 best casino games”。

　　Little transformed the "Road to bet365 best casino games Country" intoThe process of “bet365 best casino games”

After the concept of “Silk Country Road” emerged，Soon became popular in German geography circles。In Chapter 24 of Volume 2 of the new edition of "Earth Science" published by Little in 1832，When discussing the spread of Nestorianism to the East, he said: "This is also the trade route to China (gro?馻e Handelsstra?The entrance of 覻e nach China，Located on the upper reaches of the Yellow River。This is the ancient silk country road (die alte Stra?覻e der Seren），Already described by Ptolemy。"Little means，The "Ancient bet365 best casino games" followed by Nestorian missionaries，That is, the "trade highway to China" in modern times。

"The Ugric Tribes" published in 1837 by the German geographer Ferdinand Heinrich Muller，Will Serenstra?覻e ("bet365 best casino games") is defined as a route extending from China to Europe: "ambitious merchants，From the Great bet365 best casino games (auf der gro?覻en Serenstra?Starting from the easternmost point of 覻e，Through several plateaus in East Asia，Bringing precious silk textiles from the homeland of silk to the Western world。”The Germans repeatedly used Serenstra?After concepts such as 覻e ("Road to Silk Country" singular)，Little replaced Seren ("Silk Country") with Seiden (German "Silk")，Finally created Seidenstra?覻e (singular form of "bet365 best casino games") is a word or concept。

1838，Little published "Earth Science" Volume 8 in Berlin。He is in Chapter 13 of the volume，Pointed out when talking about the silk weaving industry in Gilan, northwest Iran，There are two routes for the spread of sericulture technology to the West，Except via Ceylon (Sri Lanka)、India、Persian Gulf、Beyond the southern sea route of the Arabian Sea，There is also a Seidenstra from China to the Caspian Sea?覻e ("bet365 best casino games" singular)。Little's original words are as follows: "Except this road through Ceylon、Beyond India and the Persian Gulf-Arabian Sea Southern Maritime Way (südlichen maritimen Wege)，…almost at the same time，There is also a ‘bet365 best casino games route through the northern continent’ (n?觟rdliche continentale Weg der Seidenstra?覻e）。This land route goes west from China，Direct to the Caspian Sea。"Seidenstra appears here?覻e ("bet365 best casino games" singular)，is the earliest concept of "bet365 best casino games" appearing in German literature。

Little uses Seidenstra only once in Earth Science, Volume 8?覻e ("bet365 best casino games" singular)，But the word is not explained。According to the meaning of the text，Little uses Seidenstra?覻e (singular form of "bet365 best casino games")，Does not include the southern sea route (now known as the "Maritime bet365 best casino games")，Specifically refers to the northern land route taken by Titianus’ agent to and from the “Silk Kingdom”，Also Marius、The "Road to Silk Country" recorded by Ptolemy。From this perspective，The original meaning of "bet365 best casino games"，Specifically refers to the "Road to Silk Country" or "Road to China"。

　　The popularity of the “bet365 best casino games” concept in the German-speaking world

1838，Little's first Seidenstra?After the word "馻e" (singular "bet365 best casino games")，This word is gradually becoming popular in the German-speaking world。Among them，German historian Johann Kayufer is used most frequently。1850，Kaiyoufer in "The Chinese before the Time of Abraham", published in Dresden，Just use Stra often?覻e des alten Seidenhandels ("Ancient Silk Trade Road")、alte Seidenhandelsstra?Concepts such as "覻e" ("Ancient Silk Trade Road")。Among them，Seidenhandelsstra?覻e ("Silk Trade Road" singular) is close to Seidenstra?覻e ("bet365 best casino games" singular)。

1858-1860，Kayofer published the three-volume work "A History of East Asia for Those Who Love Human History" (hereinafter referred to as "History of East Asia") in Leipzig。In "History of East Asia"，Seidenstrasse (ie Seidenstra appears 10 times in total?覻e，"bet365 best casino games" singular)。Among them，Used 3 times in Volume 1 of "History of East Asia" published in 1858，Used 5 times in Volume 2 of "History of East Asia" published in 1859，Used twice in Volume 3 of "History of East Asia" published in 1860。When Kayufo wrote "History of East Asia"，Referenced from Little's work。It can be speculated，He frequently uses the German term "bet365 best casino games"，Probably influenced by Little。

After Kaiyufo，German geographer、Hermann Guth, teacher at the Hannover Polytechnic, published "For Institutions of Higher Education" in Hannover in 1868、Geography textbook written for senior classes》。When Chapter 7 of the book is devoted to Asian geography, it says: “Roman merchants also reached the ‘bet365 best casino games’ (Seidenstra) from here.?覻e）上，To bring that precious product (i.e. silk) to the West。”1874，Robert Mark, a German middle school teacher, published a paper "The Importance of the Black Sea for World Trade" at the "Martino Catherine High School Project in Braunschweig"，Mentioned "Walking on the 'bet365 best casino games' (auf der Seidenstra?Chinese caravan on the boat"。This is after Little、Before Richthofen，The last time the Germans used Seidenstra?馻e ("bet365 best casino games" singular) concept。

Based on the above discussion，We conclude that before Richthofen published Volume 1 of "China" in 1877，The Germans have used Seidenstra 13 times?覻e (singular form of "bet365 best casino games")。In early cases where the concept of “bet365 best casino games” was used 13 times，Seidenstra first introduced by Little in 1838 in Volume 8 of Earth Science?覻e ("bet365 best casino games" singular) is crucial，Because it is the earliest concept of "bet365 best casino games" appearing in human literature。Accordingly，The "Richthofen original theory" of 1877 should be abandoned，Adopt "Little's original theory" in 1838。

Although Richthofen lost the title of “the father of the ‘bet365 best casino games’ concept”，But his contribution in the history of the spread of the "bet365 best casino games" concept cannot be ignored。Richthofen read the article "On the bet365 best casino games of Central Asia up to the 2nd century of the Christian era" at the Berlin Geographical Society on May 5, 1877，Seidenstra used in title?覻en (plural of "bet365 best casino games")，Translated into the standard English translation form Silk Routes by the British "Nature" magazine on September 13, 1877。Little’s student、In Volume 6 of "New World Geography" published in Paris by the French geographer Jacques Yelisse Recluse in 1881，Will Seidenstra?覻e (singular "bet365 best casino games") translated into the standard French translation form Route de la Soie，Thus realizing the concept of "bet365 best casino games" in English、French、Standardization of terminology in the three major languages ​​of German。

　(The author is a professor at the School of History and Culture, Lanzhou University)