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Among the many concepts of sociology，Maybe no one will be like "culture"，Makes us feel familiar and strange。Say it is familiar，It is because in an academic context or in daily life context，We will always use this concept; say it strange，It seems that culture seems to be omnipotent、Fabilition，So that sometimes we can't grasp its core connotation。This familiar and strange feeling，Make us talk about culture，What are you talking about this question，I often feel difficult to say，I don't even know the cloud。

　　"Culture": a collective concept

The concept of "culture" appears such a "problem"，A very important reason is，The term "culture" has a strong connotation extensibility。Different scholars' preferences for their own academic background，often attached to this concept with specific meaning that conforms to its own academic purpose。If so，"Dress" by different scholars，The concept of "culture" instead is all right，Make people elusive (the same situation，It also happened in the concept of "capital")。So，In order to better grasp the connotation of culture，To make us talk about culture，Can inform the audience more clearly what the audience is talking about，We seem to need to return to the original origin of "Culture"，See what the inherent characteristics it has。

"Culture" is a collective concept。No matter how we define culture，Culture is always associated with a specific group instead Bet365 app download of a single individual。In this sense，Culture should be regarded as a social facts in the sense of Tuergan。but，The collective range of this social fact can be large or small，so as to give different social functions at different culture。On the one hand，If the collective nature of culture involves all members of the entire society (such as Chinese culture)，So at this time, culture as a collective construction，It has the "anti -structure" nature in Turner's sense。That is to say，"Everyone equal" in the face of this culture，Those social backgrounds that distinguish individuals (such as class、Income) is not related to whether it is accepted by this culture。Culture has become an important identity resource for members of unity。On the other hand，If the collectiveness of the culture is consistent with the existing individual social separation (such as class)，Then culture itself has become a "soft" label that distinguishes individuals，or different groups of members who use the interests of field interests (cultural capital in Budier's sense)。At this time，Culture has become an important dimension in Turner's "structured" individual。Visible，When we say that culture is a collective phenomenon，It is necessary to consider how big this collective range is。

What needs to be explained is，We say that culture is collective，It does not mean that cultural research can ignore individuals。Just the opposite，Individuals are different due to their own situations，The understanding of the same collective culture cannot be a thousand people。If we raise the culture high，It is the individual as the other、A collective construction Bet365 app download for individuals' passive acceptance and internalization，Ignore the heterogeneity of the individual in it，So we will unconsciously fall into the predicament of cultural decision theory，The analysis of the corresponding culture will make people feel itchy (for example，Simplified believes that individuals from English countries speak English)。The reason why this is so，Investigate its fundamental，The analysis framework we use is too thick line，Can't grasp the cultural details in real life。In this sense，Culture of culture should be similar to the similarity of individual characteristics from the bottom to the previous individual level characteristics，instead of top -down unified photos。

　　Culture revolves to meaning

The core of the culture is the formation and use of meaning，That is, the culture itself is around the meaning。Although the meaning of the word "meaning" itself is complicated，But we might as well understand meaning as a "statement" or "story"。Because of this statement and story，Specific people、Things、Things are given a attribute that is different from physical reality。For example，unearthed cultural relics have cultural value，It is because of these cultural relics itself and historical traditions together。Historical "saying" or "story"，The bottles and cans excavated from underground are no longer just specific things，but "Wen" object。It can be seen from this example，Culture analysis is a process of exploration and mining meaning。In this process，Cultural significance can be achieved by specific rituals (such as square dance)，can also be reached through specific bet365 best casino games symbols (such as the symbol of money)，。But what needs to be particularly emphasized is，The ceremony is also good，Symbols，The reason why it is important，Not because of their own physical attributes，but because they are a medium that presents cultural significance。For example，A story can be read through text，You can also spread through oral teaching，But the text and words are not the point itself，The focus is always the story。

Culture is related to meaning，The meaning of meaning can be diverse。Phenomenology of traditional cultural sociology research propositions，Culture acceptance is a kind of internalized socialization process。Through this process，Culture has gained a kind of "taken for granted"、Unqualified attributes。At this time，The use of cultural significance is a natural process，No need to reflect (for example，Individuals who believe in filial piety will "automatically" take care of the elderly parents，I will not reflect on the personal gains and losses in it)。but，Cultural toolbox theory believes that individuals can actively choose and call the meaning of culture，To rationalize its own behavior。According to the idea of ​​"toolbox"，Cultural significance has changed from an object of "passive" to a tool for personal "active" use。Comprehensive different perspectives，The call of cultural significance involves diversified cognition，It can be implemented in a way of automated cognition，It can also be achieved in a way of reflection cognition。That is to say，The cultural significance shows the "fast" and "slow"。

　　Follow the cultural diversified carrier

Last，The carrier of the cultural is diversified。bet365 Play online games Culture shows its reality in social life，The premise is to be attached to a specific carrier。Actually，Many cultural research on social sciences strictly speaking, it is a study of cultural carriers。Discussion on cultural carriers is also related to the measurement of cultural measurement，How can we implement the abstract cultural concepts to the experience level，Make it "Touch"。

In existing cultural sociology research，There are three basic ways to discuss the carrier of culture。The first is to expand around the individual，The recognition of the concept of specific values ​​through individuals，or the degree of fit between individual external actions and specific culture to measure culture。This measurement path can be said to be a research strategy used by most large -scale social surveys (such as world values)。But the defect of this measurement strategy is，The attitude that people clearly stated when answering the questionnaire question are still room for further discussion。For some issues (such as relatively sensitive issues involving discrimination)，The subject of the research may choose those "standard answers" because of the pressure of society "。So，Recent cultural measurement began to use psychological analysis methods，Examine the cultural tendency of people under the subconscious。The second is to expand around the objective carrier of culture。This is typical of cultural product research (such as research on popular songs)。In such research strategies，Culture's significance is how people think and understand the cultural meaning behind an external objective carrier。But this type of cultural bet365 live casino games carrier is often limited to a specific field。For example，Discussion on art often ended in the field of art，Discussion on art often ended in the field of art。Although researchers in such directions usually try to surpass specific fields for higher -level theoretical abstraction，But because the experience and cultural carrier has been fixed，These cross -field theory discussing more reflected the insights of the researcher，instead of the facts with experience foundation。The third is the relationship between the relationship between specific analysis objects。This is typical in this regard to analyze the cultural characteristics of a group by examining the individual's social network characteristics (such as centrality and other indicators)。At this time，The carrier of the culture is the network structure。So，Change people’s network structure，It also indirectly changed the culture that existed in this network。What needs to be explained is，Carrying culture with relationships also applies to narrative analysis。In quantitative narrative research，Simplified narrative content into the relationship between different narrative objects，and present it through the network diagram structure，can explore the theme of specific narratives and the cultural significance behind it。

Comprehensive discussion，From the perspective of its essential characteristics，Culture can be regarded as a collective significance of collective meaning in various types of carriers。This may be the object we talk about when talking about culture。

(this article is the major project of the National Social Science Fund "The Research on Social Realization Paths and Mechanisms of the Creative Transformation and Innovative Development of Chinese Excellent Traditional Culture (22ZDA081)

(Author Unit: Department of Sociology, Social Development and Public Policy of Fudan University)