Integrated is a science of all things in the local system。It bred in human "primitive thinking"，Bobo involved in philosophy，Awakening and Early Museum，Later in mineral、Botanical、Animals and anthropology Chinese and Japanese see their fineness and exquisite。About the relationship between people and things and human beings as a species，Different material frameworks give different positioning and explanations，To form a unique knowledge system or knowledge system。Especially anthropology，Regardless of the past and the present，A considerable amount of energy is used to think about the relationship between people and things。Therefore，Place anthropology that cares about people and physical relationships on the material framework to sort out and imagine，It will enable anthropology to gain a wider field of vision and transparent inspiration，Including the limitations of self -awareness。

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The early Chinese literature "Shan Hai Jing" is painted with a large number of people with other biological combinations，This actually reflects the early human cognition of the relationship between man and nature，That is, people and things have no points。People not only have no points from all things，And people and everything are gradually developed from the mother's body gradually or step by step。The myth of Pangu's openness and death reveals the truth of people from chaos and finally transforming into all things。

The Song Dynasty philosophers put forward the thoughts of "qi" and "ration" to implement all things on the basis of thinking and collective consciousness of the times。They advocate，Human beings are divided into "qi" and "reason"。For example，Zhang Zai recognizes "Qi is the thing": "Too virtual cannot be qi，qi cannot be gathered for all things，All things cannot be scattered too much。"He said again，"Everyone，All are;，All elephants; all elephants，All Qi Ye "。Here，"Qi" has become the origin and manufacturing power of all things in the universe。When talking bet365 best casino games about "reason"，He also said: "Everyone is not in things，One of the things in people but things，Such viewing。Anyone who sees one thing and enlightenment，Those who realize it for life。"Cheng Ye" Consciousness "" Ren "，Say "benevolent，Taking the heavens and the earth as a whole，Could it be that it is also "(derived from" Mencius Liang Hui "" Benevolence is integrated with all things in heaven and earth ")。Cheng Ye was anxious because of the loss of one thing: "My benevolent has no place。""，"Ren" also has the same status as "qi" and "reason"。

Because humans and all things are homogeneous、Tongqi、Similarly，Therefore, you can "take the body near，Get Ten Things "。This is Confucius's "Renren Leshan，Knowledge of Le Shui "。Two Cheng and Zhu Xi both emphasized "one point"。Later generations of the Chinese people's construction clan is also in this reason，"Father and son is the same，Brother's branches "，From this setting the basic order and form of Chinese Chinese society。Contact Zhang Zai's thoughts of "folk objects and"，These cognition helps us to demonstrate the problem of the Chinese nation's community today。

In addition to recognizing all things, the ancients，There are equal concepts of everything，That is, the "all things in Zhuangzi · Qiwu" and the equality of sentient beings in the Buddhist beings。

In recent years，Anthropology returning to ontology and ancient Chinese myths、The concept of "I don't distinguish between things" in philosophy is similar。Since modern times，Inappropriate use of science and technology leads to damage that causes human ecological balance。The idea is that everything must be running around people，It is used by humans。"I don't distinguish between things" and the wisdom of all things with all things can help eliminate human centerism and the problems it brings。

　Classification of people and things from people and things

Bofeng "History of Nature" lists humans as animals、Plants、A category of side by side。After that，Lin Nai divides nature into the plant world、Three categories of animal and mineral industry，There are outlines under the boundary、Item、genus、species、5 levels of variants。In the animal world，Contains the four -foot animal bet365 live casino games outline、Bird Gang、amphibious animal outline、Fish Outline、Insect Outline and Worm Outline，People are included in the first outline，At the same time whale、Gorilla、Monkey is also among them。cloth and Lin Nai realized，Human and other objects are in the logical parallel position，Darwin transforms this logical parallelism into a sequence in time，Established a prolature theory from low to advanced，and place humans at the top of the evolution of various things -the highest position of the spiritual long category。Huxley proposed the theory of "Human Apes" theory。Their thesis affects zoology、Ancient anthropology and other disciplines treat humans' ways。Ding Wenjiang and Chen Jishan brought these concepts to China。

Darwin's point of view is to compare the conclusions made by the long and human (with the help of anatomy and embryo)，You need to be placed in the history of geological history and paleontological evolution to test and proof，So the fossil anthropology or ancient anthropology produced。People are placed with ancient apes、Late Homesman、Early Homoors、Late Homesman、Observation and measurement in sequences composed of humans in the Neolithic era。

Modern constitution Anthropology conducts classification and study of the present groups，Humans on the earth are divided into different types of groups，Such as Europa、Mongolian Liya、Nigro species and Australian species "four -point method"。other，Five classification methods of Brumenbaha，Several sub -categories are placed under each classification。Although the Cultural Anthropology Society fully pays attention to people's will and feelings，But from a macro frame，This is still a species research method。That is to say，It divides the local system of the local system into different ethnic groups，Including language group、Age Group Group、Social class and other group modes。Cultural anthropologists like to see different people who are noisy because of a part -time problem，Of course，The cooperation also showed in the ethnic spirit text。There is also a kind of race learning that is now basically dying，It actually considers both culture、Language、custom habits and history，bet365 live casino games Also consider biological，Combining the number of people to perform boundary points to people。

Many disciplines above all belong to human categories，Except the image of cultural anthropology，Rarely considers the composition of feelings and will。Here，People are a natural and comfortable thing。People in this cognitive system as "things"，Obviously the "people" in the idea of ​​"integration of things" with ancient China are not a connotation。In the sense of ontology，I am united、There is no difference between the human location in the concept of all things and other objects in the universe，But from museums to ancient anthropology、zoology、Physical Anthropology、The knowledge system of disciplines such as cultural anthropology and other disciplines has established a classification consciousness of differential prefaces，Human beings are worshiped as the spirit of all things。People in the sense of "things"，is the result of the division of modern scientific people，It is a product of awakening of rational consciousness，Belongs belonging to the picture construction in the vision of the master and guest。

　　People and manufacturing are blended into one category

From the mind、Consciousness、Looking at the spiritual angle，Humans do not belong to things，But humans have created various items due to the needs of survival，As a result, I was also weaved into the things created by。From the theory of philosophy，This is the "alienation" that Hegel and Marx said。

The "alienation" that Hegel said is the externalization or materialization of human will or spirit。and Marx's "alienation" has two meanings: the first is that humans are when producing items, especially goods，Production of yourself and various social relationships into goods; the second point refers to the purpose of human production items and products is human survival and happiness，But most of the items or products created do not belong to the workers，Labor lost freedom and happiness。Self -materialization or alienation of the labor subject is a kind of separation and alienation，until "non -me"。If Marx's "Capital" reveals the problem of alienation in the capitalist society，So，Mike Taoisig's "The Devil and Commodity Worship of South America" bet365 Play online games ​​revealed the alienation brought by the capitalist system after reaching the edge of the world。South America was originally a comfortable state，Now controlled by the "devil" (the gods symbolizing the capitalist system and can bring you wealth) are controlled，The people of South America have lost their subjectivity and self。According to Hegel's theory，People can return to themselves after alienation。Marx also planned the road of self -regression，Return to reached a regression through socialism and communism。But，South American Aboriginal people have no way to return and redemption after alienation，So I am in pain。So，Anthropological research on alienation shows considerable social and cultural critical power。

The people outside South America in the capitalist system，The wealth flow system for the exchange of gift exchange in the local area。After capitalism goes in，Local society is linked to the western international supply system。This model is formulated by the West，and the world pattern (developed center and poverty) service for its establishment。Actually，People in the original gift exchange mode have long been combined with gifts，​​is a cognitive mode that makes people stick together because of use。

Gift gift contains gifts、Three elements of recipients and gifts。It is an important economic mechanism for many primitive society。In such a society，Those who receive the gift must find a way to return the gift from the gift，Otherwise, it will bring to yourself。Marshall Mos except for a customer analysis from the perspective of sociology and obligations，This thinking logic of the Aboriginal people also shows the logic of the Aboriginal people。In their opinion，The gift received by the gift from the "Spirit" (New Zealand Maori is called HAW)，This "Spirit" drives the sending things to return to the original owner in some way。Moster did not explain how the spirit entered the gift。and then，This idea starts to expand in anthropology，How to exchange gifts between people who have been pushed to different identities，Then push to the exchange between man and God，Even if you think about what to exchange、What can not be exchanged and other questions。But no matter how to change bet365 best casino games the topic，Some people's character or attributes have entered the object。

Then then back，Our current daily life also has a phenomenon controlled by things。Everyone has their own preferences and interests，The mobile phone has been watching for a long time，The Internet will have memories: Every time you boot, you will automatically send those content that interested to it.。Mobile phone is made by humans，Unconsciously people are captured by its mind，An outer body that is different from reality in the online world。We think we are in service to make foreign objects，In fact, it is often used by foreign objects，Eventually it turned into a material again。

Pay attention to anthropology with things as clues

To sum up，The cognition of the relationship between people and things is three kinds of cognition。First，A congenital reason that is higher than people and things makes people be things、Things are people，I don't distinguish between things，Everything is one。2，Based on the museum cognitive map，The knowledge system of many disciplines is actually a image or representation of differential classification consciousness。In the sequence of each discipline, humans are worshiped as the spirit of all things，People in the sense of "things" in this person。third，People weave or produce themselves into their own manufacturers，The subjectivity is lost to a certain extent。From the perspective of ontology，The first is the theory of one element; the second is multiple theory，Similar to Alan Budio's mathematical collection theory; the third is the combination of dual theory and one -the -the -ware theory，On the one hand, there is a relationship between the principal and guest cognition and processing，On the other hand, people are integrated with their own manufacturing objects。In short，Think about anthropology in material science，Human learning with things as a clue is unique。

"Back to Human Anthropology" more prominently does not forget the "initial heart" of anthropology，Straight Badman's initial body and theme，Seeing lively existence，Show its subjectivity。Therefore，The world is a meaning world。Here，The main body is talking and laughing，Emotional and Will，The bet365 best casino games world is developing around them and gorgeous。Comparison of comparison，The "human" energy shown by people in the material science is partially buried under the weight of the material。

Reform practice over 40 years of China，Under the premise of maintaining the healthy social operation，The individual has obtained a great driving force and dissection force。Chinese anthropology should summarize this experience。So，We can see both people，You can also see as a person，Watching each other and things，Each of the other party draws their own wisdom。

　　(This article is the National Social Science Foundation's unpopular "learning" and the history of the history of the country "History of Hundred Years of Chinese Physical Physical Anthropology" (2018VJX056) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: China Legal Anthropology Research Center of Qingdao University)