Qu Jingdong, Executive Vice President of Peking University Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences、Professor of Sociology Department。Mainly engaged in social theory、Research on the history of social thought and art history。Monographs include "Absence and Fracture: Sociological Research on Anomie", "Human Nature and Education in Modern Bet365 lotto review", etc.；Co-authored "Liberty and Education: The Educational Philosophy of Locke and Rousseau", "Landscape and Heaven and Earth: The World View in Guo Xi's "Early Spring"", etc.；3 selected works by the editor，Chief editor of "Collected Works of Durkheim" (10 volumes in total)，《Landscape》Compilation。10 translated works，Published dozens of papers in core journals such as "Chinese Social Sciences", "Sociological Research", and "Bet365 lotto review"。

In the broadest sense，The so-called "Bet365 lotto review"，Usually refers to "human world" or "human affairs"。Sociological work，It is the discovery of empirical facts，Looking for the forms that make up the various levels or realms of the human world、Mechanism、Structure and specifications，Revealing the laws of the structure of the living world；Same，Human Psychology、Action and the meaning or symbolism provided for it，It is also an extremely important issue in the field of sociology。However，Study Bet365 lotto review only from the perspective of "the world"，It cannot reveal the origin of social existence。Durkheim said in "Essential Forms of Religious Life": "If the universe is not realized，It is impossible for humans to exist，And only Bet365 lotto review can fully realize the existence of the universe，Therefore，The universe exists in Bet365 lotto review；So，The universe becomes part of the inner life of Bet365 lotto review。”Actually，What Durkheim meant，If there is no divine existence，There will be no secular life in this world，Understanding Bet365 lotto review only from the perspective of secularism，Unable to grasp the fundamentals of Bet365 lotto review。

To Westerners，The "universe" here，Can also be replaced by "religion"。But Durkheim’s religion，No longer the original category: all languages ​​and concepts、Ideal and Soul、Beliefs and rituals，They are all sacred beings，All are the foundation of Bet365 lotto review。Otherwise，People or things in the world will only come "like waves in a river"，Even when stranded for a while，Can’t stay the same”。Later，"Annals of Sociology" School，Under the initiative of Moss and others，Deepened understanding of the sacredness of Bet365 lotto review: both in the ancient and modern worlds，The origin of human existence，It is the foundation of coexistence given innately，It is the innate survival matrix of people，The creation of his body、A community of dependence、The language used and the emotions in the beliefs，It is not decided solely by the individual。Therefore，The ultimate basis for human existence，Not a natural right and a contract derived from it，It is the kind of pre-given world that is beyond him，The meaning of human existence，Not a form of self-preservation，But the obligation to continuously return to the world。

From this point of view，Bet365 lotto review exists in the world，But it also exists outside the world。If we only understand the structure of Bet365 lotto review from the perspective of secularism，Then there must be a kind of "non-Bet365 lotto review"，Even the "anti-social" world，To lay a transcendent spiritual foundation for the world。The structure of any civilization，All have the nature of a political-religious relationship，Even though Chinese civilization does not have obvious religious characteristics，But if there is no dichotomy between sacred and secular，I’m afraid it’s also difficult to establish。Therefore，Bet365 lotto review as understood by classical sociologists，Always engaged in politics and education、Sacred and secular、Based on the relationship between Tao and art，Purely individual or secular life cannot provide a complete reason for the existence of Bet365 lotto review。

At the beginning，The founders of Chinese sociology also had similar views。Wu Wenzao related substances、Bet365 lotto review、The "Three Factors" Theory of Spirit，The emphasis is on the joint function of Bet365 lotto review between material and spiritual matters。Fei Xiaotong attaches great importance to the role of the “intelligentsia” in rural China，Must be related to the ideal world of Confucian scholar-bureaucrats。Local Bet365 lotto review described by Lin Yaohua，If there are no ritual activities to worship ancestors and wandering gods，I’m afraid it would have collapsed long ago。Qu Tongzu discusses legal practice in traditional Bet365 lotto review，If there is no etiquette background，Or the relationship between heaven and human heart，There is no way to talk about standardization and order。

Qian Muzeng on the shape of Chinese Bet365 lotto review: from a structural perspective，It is "the one who rules the world"，Mechanically speaking，It’s “kiss” and “respect”，Practically speaking，It is "Xiu Qi Zhiping"。From a morphological point of view，It can be divided into four types: "city", "township", "mountain forest" and "river and lake"，Cities are political and business centers，The town is surrounded by villages，The villagers live together in groups，Mountains and forests are mostly retreats for Buddhist monks and masters，It is the spiritual sustenance of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism，The Jianghu is a place where righteous men and heroes can perform justice，Between mountains, forests and rivers and lakes，Being still and moving can be said to be the balance to control chaos。Fei Xiaotong said in "Imperial Power and Gentry Power": As a layer of the ruling class in the feudal system, the gentry are different from the literati in imperial countries，After the disintegration of the feudal system，The great unification of imperial power "I am the country"，An orthodox class that emerged，Being an official is not so much an ultimate ideal，It is better to say it is a kind of security。“Come back and come back，Retreating to the mountains and forests” is the ideal of the Chinese people。

The unique understanding of Chinese Bet365 lotto review by senior scholars，Explain that in the past, we only started from the presuppositions of the rights doctrine，Or discover Bet365 lotto review based on the interests and power relationships in the actual operation of Bet365 lotto review，It is extremely inadequate，The structure of Bet365 lotto review is not equal to "the world" or "human affairs"。Opposite，If there is no heaven or nature in China、Eternal life or reincarnation、The concepts of mountains, rivers and heaven and earth come into play，China may have already entered a jungle war，Chinese civilization will not last this long。

The composition of traditional Chinese Bet365 lotto review，There are several important categories with two intertwined tracks: feudalism and counties、Taoist and political system、Etiquette and Legality、Bureaucrats and Gentlemen、Temple, mountain forest, etc.，They all merge with each other according to different logics、Supplement、Contradictions and conflicts，Starting from the concept of social theory，It can develop into emotion and reason、Rule of man and rule of law、Research paradigms of centralization and decentralization and even hegemony and kingship。Just like the relationship between church and state in Western Bet365 lotto review，Present a multi-complex and interactively mutating governance structure and mechanism。Clarify this issue，Need to trace back the political system in ancient history and the origins of Confucian classics、The transformation of national systems and ethnic relations in medieval history，As well as the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in modern times and even the modernization path of the intersection of China and the West。

From the perspective of life styles of different social classes，The astronomical calendar established by the emperor and the country’s sacrificial system、Mountain geography and mythological ritual order，It has a decisive influence on the cosmological world imagination and the specific operating social system。Common people’s ancestor worship and various religious beliefs，Is an important basis for shaping social relations and lifestyle。As China Unicom connects the upper and lower classes、The scholar group that mediates the internal and external world，It not only plays a huge role in national governance and rural construction，The ideology that also shapes the relationship between heaven, earth and human beings at all times，Even in temples and mountains、Between progress and resignation, a kind of scholar’s ​​ambition is constructed，Through the method of "getting like and understanding"，Integrate multiple civilization factors of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism，Formed the unique moral and aesthetic character of the Chinese，To gain access to the “way of transcendence” with Chinese meaning。In this sense，“Landscape” as the dimension through which China understands the world，Transformed due to historical evolution: from the pre-Qin period to the mountain and river sacrifices that reach the sky，The art of landscape cultivation since the Middle Ages，And then to the politics of mountains and rivers in the context of modern egalitarian Bet365 lotto review/nation-state，They are all comprehensive spiritual concepts in Chinese cultural tradition。