Questionnaire survey as an important research method，It is widely used in the academic community。Design high -quality questionnaire topic is the guarantee of collecting real data，Researchers often improve the validity of the topic through trust and validity test。This test is important，But at the same time, it cannot ignore the potential effects of individual problems on the respondent's various potential effects。For example，When the respondent is facing such problems，May conceal it、overestimate or underestimate your actual situation，In addition to excluding the missed reporting or memorizing the wrong situation，This is largely due to the deviation caused by the problem itself，We call this kind of topic as a sensitive problem。

Researchers will take different practices when facing sensitive problems。First, I didn’t realize the existence of such problems，The data deviation from this is inevitable。Second, although I realize that there are such questions，But there is no good solution，Data deviation still exists。Third, since the deviation is inevitable，Simply delete。Obviously，The above practices either collect data with deviation，Either lost this part of the valuable information。The more secure way is，First acknowledge its existence，Another analysis of its causes and types，Finally proposed a strategy to reduce such problems。

　　Bet365 app download

Bet365 app download Sensitive issues refers to those questions that involve the protection of the respondent's self -image，The respondent during the questionnaire，Faced with these topics may be ashamed、Fear or worry，without choosing an option that conforms to your true situation。They sometimes overestimate those behaviors and attitudes praised by the public，Sometimes underestimation and even conceal those behaviors and attitudes that violate social moral norms。Researchers when designing questionnaires，Need to be vigilant for such problems，Otherwise, the data is collected，And this is wrong for research。

The reason why there is sensitive problems，Mainly because the questionnaire topic itself is embedded in the social and cultural context of it where it is located。The relationship between the topic and social culture，We can divide it into neutral questions and sensitive questions: neutral questions refer to the respondent's protection of the person who does not involve self -image when answering such questions，You can rest assured to fill in the answer; but the sensitive topic is exactly the opposite。In fact, we can also refine the sensitive topics into three categories: concealment questions refer to behaviors and attitudes prohibited by social and cultural specifications，The respondent may conceal the problems when facing drunk driving and domestic violence; overestimated questions refer to behaviors and attitudes praised or supported by social and cultural norms，When the respondent faces charitable fundraising and volunteers, it may be high report; underestimated Bet365 lotto review topics refer to topics that violate social and cultural norms，The respondent will sway it when facing the question of alcoholism and tax evasion.。Obviously，Researchers when designing questionnaires，Need to identify the relationship between different questionnaire topics and social and cultural context，Plan for various types of topics in advance，Try to control the data deviation as much as possible to the minimum range。

Further speaking，The social culture mentioned above mainly refers to the general social and cultural concepts related to the public。If you do further inspection，We also need to take care of gender、Class and education level and other factors on the potential effects of various questionnaire topics。In other words，If the trust and validity test is the quality of the topic from the inside，Then the nature of different questions from the perspective of social and cultural context belongs to the quality of the topic from external measurement。The two are equally important，Not abolished。

　　The main method of reducing the sensitivity of problems

The direct consequence of sensitive issues is to collect data with deviations，Quantitative researchers spent a lot of thoughts for this。Type these schemes，It can be summarized as desensitization of survey topics、Anonymous of the investigation process and familiarity with bet365 best casino games interpersonal relationships。

First is to investigate the problem of desensitivity。This strategy means that the researchers make it less sensitive by modifying the content of the problem。First is to normalize the questionnaire topic。bet365 best casino games Researchers clearly inform these topics referring to more common behaviors and attitudes，The answer from the subject will not look too different。The second is to quote the expert's point of view。Researchers first introduce experts' views on such topics，Eliminate the sensitivity of the subject as much as possible，Let the visitors make a choice。Third, set up a more threatening problem before sensitive issues，The subject will not care so much when answering real questions。

Followed by the anonymity of the investigation process。This strategy refers to the researchers to reduce their concerns about the response to the real information by the most anonymous extent of the respondent。First, anonymous of the data collection process。Researchers can allow a group of respondents to fill in the questionnaire at the same time and take it back，You can also retrieve the filled questionnaire by the voting box。Both methods can fully guarantee that the respondent will not be identified by the visitors。Second, to avoid the intervention of the intervention in the response process through the computer -assisted management survey of computer auxiliary management surveys，This can also guarantee anonymity。The respondent fills the questionnaire on the computer，Later。Investigators are just auxiliary characters during the investigation，I don’t know what the interviewee is filled in。

Finally, it is familiar with bet365 best casino games interpersonal relationship。This strategy refers to the adverse effects brought about by the improvement of the researchers to reduce the sensitivity issues by improving the interpersonal relationship between the respondents。Researchers without changing the content and data collection process，Get the trust of the interviewee slowly by asking other questionnaires first，Ask these sensitive questions in the later stage of the investigation。Anonymous with the investigation process，Familiarity of interpersonal relationship means that visitors will deeply intervene in the investigation process，This is indeed a challenge for both parties for the investigation。

It is worth mentioning is，Many solutions will be designed for such sensitive problems now，But relatively speaking, the feasibility of the above strategy is relatively large，Visitors can use flexible combinations in the investigation process and the actual situation of the respondent during the investigation.。In short，The real researcher is after the various vulnerabilities and limitations of the existence of the question of the question volume，I still try to eliminate these deviations。

　　Design that is consciously moving towards the method

Researchers conduct questionnaire surveys，Either the topic of independent research and development，Either drawing on existing topics。When drawing on existing questions, especially foreign questionnaires,，Be sure to pay attention to the impact of the topic in different social and cultural context。Different in the embedding of social culture according to the topic，We can divide the nature of the title into four categories: the first type，It turned out to be a neutral question，It is still a neutral problem now; the second type，It turned out to be a neutral question，Now it becomes sensitive topic; the third type，bet365 Play online games It turned out to be sensitive questions，Now it becomes a neutral problem; the fourth type，It turned out to be sensitive questions，Now it is still sensitive topic。Topics with the same types of front and rear types (first and fourth) explains that there is commonality between different social and cultural，Researchers can adopt the same strategy to implement the investigation; the topic of the front and rear types (second and third) shows that there are differences in different social culture，Different here to treat。Facing the first and third questions，Researchers can investigate the respondents in accordance with the conventional measures; while facing the second and fourth types of questions，Researchers need to adopt the above strategy to avoid survey bias。In short，Drawing on foreign questionnaire questions (index、Meter table or questionnaire) You need to pay attention to the social and cultural context behind it，Otherwise, the real data will not be collected。

I think，Discuss the meaning of sensitive issues、Source、Type and resolution strategy，It is clearly pointing out that the researchers need to maintain a full method of maintaining the measurement tool (questionnaire title) in the investigation and research，Just look at the different contacts of the questionnaire title with the social and cultural context behind it，Dedicate the topic of different properties based on the substantial relationship between the two，Then take corresponding countermeasures。This approach surpasses the previous simple design questionnaire，Instead, bet365 Play online games the questionnaire design is designed as the research process to analyze，This will greatly improve the confidence of researchers to collect real and reliable data。

(Author Unit: School of Social Sciences, Wuhan University)