In general ideas，The irrational "interference" stance of bet365 code hinders the effective allocation of various production factors，The "invisible hand" advocated by the liberal school，is regarded as a rational behavior pattern that can maximize the interests of all parties，Theoretical propositions and practical effects of the two，It’s quite different。Long time，This kind of patterning、Tagged narrative，Not only profoundly affected the understanding of bet365 code and the liberal school，Also invisibly led the understanding of the development of the world in modern times。Researcher Mei Junjie’s new book "bet365 code and National Catching Up: Experiences and Lessons in World Economic History"，While re-revealing the theoretical connotation of bet365 code and the core role it played in the historical process of catch-up development of modern countries，It also refreshes the stereotypes about bet365 code and liberal schools in the previous mainstream economic history discourse。Use this system to sort out，The two economic development theories that were originally incompatible became two sides of the same coin in the specific historical field，Being inside and outside each other。

　　bet365 code and the liberal school have something in common

In terms of theoretical connotation and policy direction，The image of the polar confrontation between bet365 code and liberal economics that is widely circulated in people’s ideological world，Mostly this is the deliberate result of many liberal economists since Adam Smith。Get the facts，These two seemingly distinct doctrines，There are many internal connections and commonalities。

On the one hand，What is now widely known as free trade、Laissez-faire、Market mechanism、Chasing private interests can promote public welfare and other labels belonging to the liberal economics school，In fact, it is a core concept that many mercantilists have already expounded。As far as free trade is concerned，Thomas Meng、Davenant、Baber、Child、North and other mercantilists，Proposed the idea of ​​free foreign trade very early，And “the clarity and clarity of expression rival that of Smith nearly a hundred years later”，And Matthew Dyke、Josiah Tucker and others’ attitudes towards free trade，“Even more liberal than Smith”。Even List, who elevated bet365 code to the level of economic nationalism，While opposing the liberal school，It has not completely abandoned some of the ideas in the liberal school。Internal，He is extremely wary of the wanton actions of the visible hand of the state，Emphasis on the importance of "fierce internal competition" to the economic and social development of nation-states；External，He advocated that after the nation-state achieves prosperity and strength with the help of mercantilist policies，The principle of free trade should be “gradually restored”，To ensure the long-term prosperity of various industries with the help of international competition”。

On the other hand，Some economic ideas that are now classified as bet365 code，In fact, it is also absorbed by economists of the liberal school。Adam Smith once believed，“Navigation Regulations、National defense needs、Tax equalization、The transitional stages may constitute exceptions to free trade”。And Jeremy Bentham、John Mill and other figures who occupy an important position in the genealogy of the liberal school，Under the surface of his strong promotion of laissez-faire，“In fact, it is precisely advocating state intervention for the collective benefit”。

bet365 code provides necessary support for free trade

After the emergence of modern nation-states，Both bet365 code and free trade have been put into practice at different historical stages。However，Is it as expected，The reason why some countries can take the lead in transforming from traditional agricultural society to modern industrial society，Thanks to the abandonment of bet365 code，Reliance on free trade。In Mei Junjie’s opinion，Such a view is to divide the complete history into two，Not aware that "bet365 code is the cornerstone of all successful capitalist countries"；Those countries that adopt free trade，In fact, for a long historical period, bet365 code was used as a guide for the country to pursue prosperity and catch-up development，Only in the future will we be eligible for trade liberalization。

This assertion about the causal relationship between bet365 code and free trade，Lots covered in the book、English、法、There are also traces to be followed in the historical development of Germany and other countries。The Netherlands as the “First Modern Economy”，Reached the peak of hegemony in the early to mid-17th century，Actively pursue free trade，Leading the world in the process of modernization。Before advocating free trade，The Netherlands has actually implemented high tariffs for a long time，And pass military escort、Authorized Monopoly、National-level measures to support industries and prevent the outflow of production factors，Gradually realize the rise。Such historical logic，This is also reflected in the United Kingdom, which is regarded as a sample of modern industrialization and free trade。Before advocating free trade in the 1840s，The British industrial economy once lagged behind other European countries at the same time。From the time of Elizabeth I to the end of the 18th century，Britain has implemented bet365 code for a long time，Finally came from behind。Exactly as it says in the book，The first half cycle of British modernization dominated by "bet365 code"，The UK has completed a very critical process of catching up，The second half cycle of British modernization dominated by the "free trade system"，It is the logical development result of the first half cycle。

　　Free trade is actually a more sophisticated form of bet365 code

No matter how high-sounding the theoretical doctrines are，Once placed in a real historical scene and subject to empirical examination，Most of them will reveal their true colors。bet365 code that exposes calculation and conspiracy，Of course it will make people face the cruelty of the real world，But the real purpose of "Datong"-style free trade，How warm and affectionate、Not eating the fireworks of the world？

Dieter Senhas, the founder of "Critical Development Theory", discovered through the investigation of the historical experience of the development of the entire Europe，Due to various historical reasons，The development levels of different countries are not consistent，There is an “international power gap” between first movers and late movers，International free trade arrangements have become a tool for the strong to "exclude competition" against the weak，Create a kind of "marginal pressure" that drags the weak into the "marginal" track，Making the weak dependent on the strong，The difference between solidification and expansion of strength and weakness。So it seems，The ultimate essence of free trade is to serve the actual needs of the nation-state’s internal development and prosperity，It’s just another kind of refined bet365 code。From this，Josiah Tucker、Robert Torrance、It is not difficult to explain why Edward Wakefield advocated free trade out of mercantilist motives。

Mei Junjie thinks，It is precisely because of the successive policy practices of bet365 code and free trade、Consistency of overall policy goals，The difference between the two stems purely from the different development stages of a country。The Netherlands that emerged from bet365 code，It was during the heyday of the early to mid-17th century，Change the course，Strongly promote free trade，Strives to maintain its leading position over other European countries in the long term。The United Kingdom, which repeatedly jumped between bet365 code and free trade, is a typical example。Britain’s catch-up was mainly due to bet365 code，But it was also the middle of the 19th century when the Industrial Revolution was completed and its power was unparalleled in the world，Britain abolished the "Corn Laws" and "Navigation Acts" as symbols of bet365 code，With the context of free trade，Achieved the maximum of its own advantageous position。

Hundreds of years ago，Political and economic logic of the real world，No substantial change。Today，There are still many countries and regions burdened with catch-up development，Countries that take one or more steps first are also trying to maintain their dominant position，The game between bet365 code and liberalism will continue。For that matter，The book "bet365 code and National Catching Up: Experiences and Lessons in World Economic History" vividly presents the complex relationship between bet365 code and liberalism，Really worth pondering。

(The author is an associate professor at bet365 code Socialism (bet365 code Chinese Culture))