The middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River as the core area of ​​Chinese civilization，In addition to relying on millet during the development process、黍，It is also constantly absorbing and accepting new crop varieties from other regions.。Where，The most important and most influential is the rice that originated in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and wheat from West Asia。These two crops have played a key role in the development of the core area of ​​Chinese civilization，But the time of the two is specifically introduced into the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River、There is a big difference between the methods and degrees accepted by the local people。

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As early as Pei Ligang Cultural Period，Whether it is the Zhuzhai site in the Central Plains region belonging to Pei Li Gang culture，It is still the moon Zhuang site of the Haiyu area that belongs to the post -Li culture、Xihe River Site, etc.，Evidence of rice relics has been found。Although the number of rice relics found in most sites is less，But at least explanation，As early as the Pei Ligang period，or through trade，or local planting，rice has appeared in the vast area of ​​the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River。After that，Whether it is early in Yangshao culture in the Central Plains region，It is still the Beixin Cultural Period of the Haiyu area，Also discovery of rice relics one after another。

Yangshao mid -term，rice relics in the influence area of ​​Dawenkou culture in Haiyu area，It is also most of the sites of Miao Dou culture in the Central Bet365 app download Plains region，There are a small amount of discovery，Accompanying rice base plate、Evidence of common weeds in the silicon and fields of rice shells also shows that its local planting possibility to some extent。Based on this can be speculated，In this period of the Yellow River Basin in this period, rice has been generally emerged，But the number is very small，Perhaps the nobles in the minority sites use rice to make wine，or special consumption related to precious foods containing foreign factors。

Yangshao Late，Inconsistent situations have occurred in all areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River: almost no rice relics are found in the Haiyu area; and some sites in the Central Plains region，The proportion of rice in the living structure has increased to a certain extent。For example，A large number of rice relics were unearthed in the Lantian New Street site in Guanzhong area，Although it is not as important as millet，But it seems to confirm the improvement of the importance of rice。This may indicate that the use of the local ancestors' use of rice began to appear different from the previous stage，Perhaps it is no longer for the sake of brewing or minority nobles。

To the Longshan period，In the vast area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，The importance of rice is quite obvious: the coastal areas of Ludong South，Rice appeared as the main crop relic for the first time，The Central Plains region is in the sites with good water resources，rice almost all of them have become the second important crop resource secondaryly after the millet;、Jinnan and other areas，rice relics are very limited。From this perspective，In the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River during the Longshan period，The importance of rice has very obvious regional differences。It is worth noting that，In Luoyang Basin、Song Shandong and Lunnan South Linking bet365 best casino games Sea area，Anyone with good water resources，There are a lot of rice planting。Visible，The development of Chinese civilization to the Longshan Cultural period，Get rice is generally recognized。

Different from the great way of the rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River during the Longshan period，Erlitou Cultural Period (Yue Shi period)，In addition to the individual metropolis sites (such as the Erlitou site)，The importance of rice is in the Central Plains，It is still the Linhai area of ​​the Haiyu area，All have a very obvious decline。Business Culture Period，The area seems to have considerable regularity in the appearance of rice: in scale、Du Yizhi sites with a larger population (such as Daxinzhuang site、Sites of Xiaoshuangqiao and Zhengzhou Mall site)，The importance of rice seems to be higher than the general site，This may be related to the difference between the nobility and the diet of civilians。Enter two weeks，Similar to the situation in the previous stage，Whether in the middle of the Yellow River or the vast majority of sites in the lower reaches of the Yellow River，The impact of rice is quite limited。

From the situation of the introduction from the rice into the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，The earliest appeared from Pei Ligang，until the late stages of Yangshao culture，Only then gradually began to be accepted by local people，Discovery quantity starts to increase。This may be late with Yangshao culture，Demonstration of Miao Digou Culture before the middle of the Yellow River、The traditional life model is related to the impact。In some small -scale sites，People start to plant large -scale planting output and more suitable for rice with better water and heat conditions.。And to the Longshan period，rice in Central Henan and the southern part of Lutheran，Its status has reached an unprecedented bet365 Play online games height;、During the period of abnormal precipitation，After entering the Erlitou period，Climate turn to dry cool，Decrease in water area，Movement of Wet Climate，All affect the planting scale of rice agriculture，At this time, except for the large metropolitan pointer，The status of rice in general sites is significantly reduced。It can be speculated，The relatively low population density and site density during this period，It may no longer need to meet people's needs by planting high -yield and high -investment crops such as rice cultivation。Another，Introduction of emerging foreign crops represented by wheat，and dietary habits tradition is also a factors that need to be considered。，The status of rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River has almost no major changes during the Shang and Zhou dynasties，The impact on the development of Chinese civilization is quite limited。

　　Wheat: Formation of millet and heavy situation

Wheat as a foreign crop that originated in the Laofante area of ​​West Asia，Starting in the core area of ​​Chinese civilization during the Longshan period。Where，The wheat unearthed from the Zhaojiazhuang site in Shandong is the earliest wheat that has been found in China that has been found in China to directly measure the annual carbon fourteen，But the number is very small。At the cultural period of Erlitou，Regardless of the Central Plains or the Haiyu area of ​​Yueshi Culture，Merbat relics were found in most floating sites，But the number is very limited，Generally does not exceed 10 capsules。This situation has changed to the Erlitang period，Show obvious regional differences: After the Central Plains region enters the Erligang period，No matter what kind of level of ruins，The importance of wheat has been significantly improved; while the lower reaches of the Yellow River is until the late bet365 best casino games Shang Dynasty，The importance of wheat is still quite limited。

To the Western Zhou Dynasty，The importance of wheat in the relics of wheat in the Jiaodong area and the Central Plains is quite prominent (the importance generally exceeds，Even some sites are equivalent to millet)，This heavy agricultural structure of millet is also maintained to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (no relics in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty were temporarily found in the Jiaodong area)。Other areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，Although the acceptance time of the wheat is slightly late，But in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty，Wheat also finally joined the agricultural system in the core area of ​​the Chinese civilization。

During the process of being introduced into the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，Although the earliest discovery location is located in today's Shandong area，Make scholars have different interpretations of the spread of wheat，But whether it is the Haiyu area，Still Central Plains，From the development of the Chinese civilization from the Longshan period to the Erlitou period，The discovery of wheat is very sporadic，It was not until the Central Plains region in the Erligang culture period.。

We speculate，Erligang Cultural Period，Songshan area is where the Shangwang capital is，The region is more reflected in the characteristics of the capital planting and dietary structure of metropolitania and its surrounding crops，It has a strong regional characteristics: such as wheat, a crop that requires a lot of labor and irrigation systems，Only through strong central control can we grow a wide range，High -yield wheat can provide more soldiers for warriors，This may have been known to the Shang Dynasty royal family at the time。

Another，One thing worth noting is，Wheat is valued in the early business ruins of the business culture of Songshan area，It may also be related to its planting time different from traditional crop Bet365 app download time。Although we have no clear evidence at present, we can confirm whether the wheat in this period is winter wheat，or at least a part of winter wheat，But it cannot be ruled out to increase the importance of wheat in the Songshan area of ​​the early business culture，Thanks to its contribution to the food output of the unit's arable land area。but but，No matter what，The improvement of wheat status is just the appearance，The development of the region is still the development of the region、Increases of food demand caused by the number of population and the increase in the size of the site，Forced people through labor、Input of irrigation and other technologies，To meet this demand。

From the situation of the two crops of rice and wheat into the core area of ​​the Chinese civilization，The introduction time of rice is far before wheat，But in the after thousands of years, it was only a very limited discovery，Really accepted in the late stages of Yangshao，and reached the peak in the Longshan period，Then only found in the large metropolis sites，The importance is greatly weaker。The introduction of wheat has also experienced the sporadic discovery stage，But it was accepted by locals a few hundred years later，The status gradually improves，The scope of influence has also expanded，Even in two weeks，The situation of "millet and heavy" is formed，greatly affects the traditional drought agricultural structure in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River。

Rice and wheat two types of foreign crops compared to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River，Although it is passed in time、communication methods and degree of influence are very different，But both have greatly affected the local original business model，、Drought drought agricultural traditions have made useful supplements，Has made great contributions to the formation of the formation of Chinese civilization。

(Author Unit: School Bet365 app download of History of Capital Normal University)