From a historical perspective，There are three main regions where early civilizations and countries originated in the world，From east to west are the East Asian regions with China as the core，The South Asian subcontinent with India as the core，Including the bet365 sign up bonus code two river basins、bet365 sign up bonus code Egypt、bet365 sign up bonus code Greece、The Mediterranean region including bet365 sign up bonus code Rome。Natural conditions of these three areas、Historical processes and cultural features each have their own characteristics。

　Mediterranean civilization formed religious and bet365 sign up bonus code traditions

Early civilizations and countries in the Mediterranean region mainly appeared in the Mesopotamia and the Nile Basin，The places familiarly referred to as bet365 sign up bonus code Babylon and bet365 sign up bonus code Egypt。The geographical conditions of the Mesopotamia and the Nile River Basin are similar，They are all surrounded by desert、High Mountain、A river valley surrounded by the sea，Has strong closedness。It is this kind of closure，Concentrate the population and wealth in the river valley and prevent it from being easily dispersed，Thus forming a high-density layout of population and wealth，Accelerated class differentiation and social complexity，Making the river valley the first area where civilization and countries appeared。In this relatively closed environment，Little external influence，Once a certain social force gains a dominant position，That is, being able to stably maintain and continuously expand its own advantages，Develop into a monopoly power，Leading the development process of society。The first force to gain a dominant position in society is religion，Religion explains the rationality of all things in the world and social affairs，Become the central force in social operations，Make civilization and country show strong religious color and obvious theocratic characteristics in their origin and development process。

bet365 sign up bonus code Egypt、Another characteristic of the environment in bet365 sign up bonus code Babylon is that the surrounding environment is very complex，There is a desert、High Mountain、Sea and other various areas，Natural conditions vary greatly，The people who live and live there are also diverse。The production and living conditions in these areas are much more difficult than those in the river valleys，The river valley has a strong attraction to the surrounding people，Surrounding people trade、Enter the river valley by migration，Population of the Valley Region、Wealth and faith are more concentrated，further promotes the complexity of population composition and social structure。At the same time，For the purpose of coveting the wealth in the river valley or coping with natural disasters，Military intrusions by surrounding people into the river valley area also often occur。The people in the river valley rely on their natural resources and social organization advantages，Hope to use force to obtain surrounding resources，It will also harass the surrounding people。Therefore，The early countries in these areas also showed obvious characteristics of advocating force and conquest。

With the increasing frequency of armed conflicts，Force has become a regular presence in the society of the river valley，And began to compete with religion for the dominance of social operations。Religion has first-mover advantage，Force has the advantage of efficiency。If religion takes advantage of first mover，Put force under your control，It constitutes a religion-based one、A theocratic country supplemented by military affairs；If force takes advantage of efficiency，Transform religion into a force that serves oneself，The formation is mainly military、A military country supplemented by religion。Comparatively speaking，The theocratic color of bet365 sign up bonus code Egypt and the early states of Mesopotamia was more obvious，Religion has stronger dominance，Almost all social activities are in the name of God，The supreme leader is also the high priest and even a god himself；However, battles for the throne using military power also often occur，Foreign military conquests are even more common，So the military color is also very strong。The earliest countries in the Mediterranean region all had strong religious and military overtones，And it continues forever。

bet365 sign up bonus code Greece、The Italian Peninsula and Greek Peninsula where bet365 sign up bonus code Rome was located，Lack of closed environment，Population and resources are easily dispersed，So the country appeared later，Until production、When military technology develops to a certain level，The nationalization process has just begun。Due to lack of closed environment，Religion has never been able to expand and form a monopoly power，Relying on the coercion and high efficiency of military power to enter the national stage。In bet365 sign up bonus code Greece、The origin and formation of the bet365 sign up bonus code Roman state，Military power dominates the operation of society，The country shows strong secularity，Religion did not play as critical a role as it did in bet365 sign up bonus code Egypt and the early states of Mesopotamia。But religion still has a strong influence，Play an important role in daily life，Especially in providing rationality for social affairs。bet365 sign up bonus code Greece、bet365 sign up bonus code Rome also retained a strong military and religious color，Dan and bet365 sign up bonus code Egypt、The difference between the early countries of the bet365 sign up bonus code Lianghe River is，bet365 sign up bonus code Greece、The role of military power in bet365 sign up bonus code Roman society was obviously more important。

It can be said，In various civilizations around the Mediterranean，Strong religious and bet365 sign up bonus code traditions，Religion and bet365 sign up bonus code are the organizational forces for the operation of society。European civilization as the main successor of the Mediterranean civilization，The reason why Catholicism is generally accepted and the dual governance of the church and the king has been maintained for a long time，It has its strong historical tradition。

　　bet365 sign up bonus code civilization has a long tradition of humanism and ethics

The early Chinese state originated in southern Shanxi、The "Central Plains" area in western Henan，The "Central Plains" is a group of basins located bet365 sign up bonus code middle reaches of the Yellow River。To the north of this basin group is the Linfen Basin, which is dominated by the Fenhe River Valley，To the south is the Yuncheng Basin dominated by the Suhe River Valley，Further south includes the Yellow River、Yihe、Luoyang Basin including the Luo River Valley，From the Luoyang Basin to the west is the Guanzhong Basin, dominated by the Weihe River Valley，The rivers in these basins all flow into the Yellow River，Connected by rivers to form a basin group。

　You can see it by combining literature and archaeology，Pingyang, the capital of Yao in literature and Taosi ruins in archeology，Just in Linfen Basin，Shun’s capital Puban in literature and the newly discovered Zhoujiazhuang ruins in archeology，Just located in Yuncheng Basin，Yu Du Yangcheng bet365 sign up bonus code literature、The domain of the Xia people and the archaeological Wangchenggang site、The Erlitou ruins, the Tangdu Xibo in literature and the Yanshi Shangcheng ruins in archeology are all bet365 sign up bonus code Luoyang Basin，The Taiwang bet365 sign up bonus code literature、Wang Ji、King Wen、King Wu and Zhou Yuan in archeology、Fenghao ruins are all in Guanzhong Basin。That’s from Yao、Shun、Yu arrives in Xia、Businessman、week，The core stage of China’s early states was located in this basin group bet365 sign up bonus code middle reaches of the Yellow River。

Unlike bet365 sign up bonus code Egypt and the early countries in the bet365 sign up bonus code Mesopotamia, which originated from independent and highly closed river valleys，The early Chinese state originated from a basin group composed of connected rivers with a relatively broken terrain。Therefore，China’s early countries did not grow up continuously in the same region like the above two civilizations，There is an obvious secondary integration process。The social differentiation and complexity in the early stages of China's early state were completed in each basin，People in each basin take advantage of the superior production conditions of the basin and the relative closure of the basin，Complete population、Proliferation and accumulation of wealth，Achieving preliminary social differentiation，Enter the embryonic state of the country；Later，With the development of society and the expansion of the population，The independent basin can no longer accommodate，Exchanges between basins、Intensifying conflict and integration，Eventually merged into a larger political entity，Entering the national stage。

Because the civilization of political entities in different basins has developed to a considerable height，No party has overwhelming power，No one can conquer the other easily，If military means are adopted for social integration，The result may be a lose-lose situation and the goal cannot be achieved。So，All parties prefer integration through peaceful negotiation。For example, the abdication system is a leader succession method that emerged bet365 sign up bonus code process of integrating regional countries into a cross-regional central dynasty。The resulting peaceful cooperation、The idea of ​​selecting talents and appointing them has far-reaching influence，It is very different from other civilizations that boast of force and advocating conquest。This resulted in a very weak military and conquest character in China’s early state and thought。

At the same time，The process of national integration will inevitably involve the game of interests of all parties，When all parties express their demands，Unable to use the first-mover advantage of religion to provide rationality as bet365 sign up bonus code original political entity，But you must prove the credibility of your appeal to others、Provability and feasibility，This makes pure faith、The declining role of hard-to-verify religion，The logical status of verifiable human behavior and things rises，Finally formed the idea of ​​​​people-centered perspective。So，The religious color of early Chinese countries was very weak，With obvious humanistic characteristics，The reason why later generations were able to develop an ethical value system like Confucianism，Closely related to the humanistic concept bet365 sign up bonus code formation of early countries。

Ancestor worship and emphasis on history have become important features of Chinese thought and culture，From this, a unique belief system based on ancestors was developed, and a developed historian system was established very bet365 sign up bonus code and a complete historiography system was constructed，Provide explanation and rationality to society。Ancestral memory and history become important sources of rationality for current actions，This is also very different from other civilizations that focus on religion to provide rationality。

Due to the reintegration of early Chinese states，Breaking Religion、bet365 sign up bonus code inherent advantages，So no country dominated by theocracy or bet365 sign up bonus code power has developed，Instead, it developed a regime-led society that combined religion and bet365 sign up bonus code affairs，Its religious and bet365 sign up bonus code overtones are relatively weak，With obvious humanistic and ethical characteristics。

(Author’s unit: Institute of bet365 sign up bonus code History, Chinese Academy of History)