Scientific uncertainty and "ignorance" problem is prominent，It can be said that the rational basis of modern administrative countries to a large extent。Its realistic performance is，In the increasingly fierce scientific and technological argument and social conflict (for example、Discussion and conflict of topics such as nuclear power)，The government management department has not found effective response measures to get into the dilemma of governance。In this case，How public administration should be in response to the huge challenges brought by scientific uncertainty to maintain its legitimacy，Become an important question to be answered。In a sense,，Traditional scientific rational and technical governance paradigm has faced the problem of "failure" in the context of scientific uncertainty，Therefore，Find a more stable knowledge foundation for public administrative practice。On this basis，The reconciliation of professional rationality and democratic values ​​will give them new legitimacy。

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The restructuring of rational rationality is not a complete abandonment of scientific rationality or scientific and technological knowledge，Instead, you should face up to the uncertainty of the uncertainty of science，Going out of the misunderstanding of "Science and Technology Decision Theory"。In this regard，The "early warning principles" adopted in EU governance practice are more inspiring。Early warning principles are potential hazards that may occur in the environment Bet365 lotto review or health，Even if scientific research does not determine the evidence, it shows that it is harmful，Government departments can also take severe control measures in advance to protect consumer safety。As far as its essence is concerned，Early warning principles are not abandoning scientific rationality，Instead of recognizing the shortcomings of scientific knowledge，Therefore, it is advocated that risk decisions in uncertain situation must consider scientific consultation opinions，It is also necessary to consider issues such as public value preference and risk acceptance。

Administrative decision makers under the technical governance paradigm often resort to scientific opinions to shirk decision -making liability，The issue of risk that does not determine scientific evidence is considered "no existence"，So it is not included in the scope of government responsibilities。However, under the principle of early warning，"The existence of scientific uncertainty cannot be used as a reason to delay action"。Even without reliable scientific opinions as the basis for decision -making，The government should also take action based on public interest，Responsible for this。

From the perspective of science itself，Modern science uses the knowledge of "certainty" knowledge as the fundamental pursuit，However, this is just one of the specific forms of science。"Post -conventional science" represents another scientific form，It recognizes the common existence of scientific uncertainty，and the problem of uncertainty as the core of the post -conventional science。Normal science is applicable to solving high complexity、As a problem with the degree of uncertainty and the high degree of decision -making interests。In the solution of these problems，Traditional scientific Bet365 lotto review research or consulting model can no longer give full、Clear knowledge of solving problems，Therefore, the conventional scientific claims expand the source of effective knowledge，"Outstanding" should also play an important role in knowledge production。And，Post -conventional science advocate believes that the layman "capable" dialogue with scientific entrances。Regarding whether the outsports of the public on complex technology or environmental issues are "ignorant"，Many studies have been criticized，It is believed that the so -called "ignorance" is largely derogatory and exclusive to the "common people's knowledge" of the traditional scientific system。In fact many cases indicate，Periodical knowledge that is more affectionate and local characteristics. Compared with expert knowledge, more effective judgments are often made in many problems.。Cognition of scientific uncertainty and the discovery of the value of common people's knowledge jointly promoted the reform of "scientific democracy"，It advocates "bringing scientific issues to the field of public debate"。

　Scientific democratization of public administration

The concept of scientific democratization is reflected in the field of public administration，reflected as "the democratization of professional knowledge"，For administrative practice, this represents a new scientific consultation mode。Democracy of professional knowledge emphasizes both the rational value of scientific professional knowledge，It is necessary to make up for scientific uncertainty defects through the participation of citizen，Therefore, the response and responsibility of scientific rationality and democratic politics can be taken into account。Judging from the source of professional knowledge required by public administration，Bet365 lotto review Citizen participation procedures can "as an empirical knowledge and administrative nature of connecting citizens、Ways between management and scientific knowledge "。

Based on the emphasis on the democratization of professional knowledge and the participation of citizens，The change of the public administrative model under the context of science uncertainty should move towards a "democratic administration" model。In fact，"Democratic Administration" is not a new concept，Waldo proposed this concept as early as 1952 and discussed，and the scientific administrative view represented by Simon started the argument。The advocates of the "Black Castle Declaration" are an important defender of democratic administrative concept，They pointed out that "the legitimacy of public administration can be obtained through various channels，But in the end it is still based on democracy "。

However, in reality，Whether it is the democratization of administrative decision -making or the emphasis on Bet365 lotto review Citizen participation，More reflected in the program，It is a kind of "procedural democracy" rather than substantive democracy or "cognitive democracy"。That is, the absorption of citizens' participation more emphasizes the democratic value reflected in the participation procedure itself，However, compared to scientific experts，Ordinary public is still regarded as "rational less" or "ignorance"，Therefore, participation in more forms。

That's for this，Democratic administrative models based on the democratization of professional knowledge should be advocated，It recognizes the uncertainty of science and "ignorance"，It also emphasizes the cognitive ability of ordinary citizens and the understanding value of common people's knowledge。Citizens in the democratic administrative model will no longer stay in form，Participation itself is considered part Bet365 lotto review of knowledge production。The "cooperative production" of this kind of knowledge reflects the value concept of "cognitive justice"，That is, "different types of knowledge and the practice and existence methods related to this should coexist，and the decision -making of people's lives should be treated equally "。During the participation process，The general public is not just a "representative of democracy"，They are even "representative of cognition"。

Building a scientific and social dialogue platform

Under democratic administrative model，Platforms that need to build a dialogue with science and society，Especially the mechanism of building a conversation between various types of experts and the public，The government is mainly used as the "promoter" or "coordinator" of this communication dialogue。Volume Volume、Equalization、Public communication dialogue，Promoting the thinking and reflection of different subjects on the issue of complex policy issues，On this basis, promote collective or social learning，The expansion of the foundation of public administrative knowledge is finally realized、Enjoy and update。Compared to the "monopoly" of scientific experts under the traditional scientific paradigm，The realization of this collective learning is a possibility provided by science uncertainty。It is in this sense，Some scholars point out，Uncertainty can be regarded as the basic motivation of organizational learning。

Look at it，Democratic administration emphasizes "professional knowledge" in a more diversified sense，Therefore, it is a challenge to the traditional "technical governance" paradigm or even elimination。According to Habermas's point of view，"You should treat technical governance theory with a correction attitude，Control technical governance with democratic bet365 Play online games forces，Use communication action、Dialogue negotiation to reflect on technical governance "。In this case，Trust (blind trust) of abstract expert system or professional administrative institution is no longer the key to maintaining public administrative legitimacy。On the contrary，Legality may be more based on the public's "critical trust" or even "rational inconsistency" of the public's "critical trust" of scientific experts and technical bureaucrats。"Disbobe" further highlights the necessity of supervising and accountability for public administrative and even scientific experts。"Experts should explain to the public how they realize their public responsibility"，It is necessary to ensure that "experts will not surpass their authorized authority boundary" through the institutionalization procedure。This helps solve the problem of "organized irresponsible"，It is also an important guarantee for public administrative legitimacy。

The legitimacy of public administrative organizations or practice has a variety of sources，At the same time，Discussion on the legitimacy of public administration has different attention themes in different periods。Here we have not combed the above topic，but mainly focused on the relationship between scientific rationality and public administrative legitimacy。This is the reason for this，It is because of the rapid development of science and technology，We deeply feel that it is continuously developing by promoting the modernization process，and through the "Technical Governance" paradigm provides legitimacy for modern public administration，However, at the same time various "side effects" are also exposed。So，We need to think about the impact of this "side effect" or scientific uncertainty on the legitimacy of public administration。

(Author Unit: Public Management Department bet365 best casino games of Ocean University of China)