Dunhuang Xue is currently internationally learned in the world with famous places。Today，Dunhuang is just a county -level city in the Northwest region，Neither Beijing、Shanghai、Guangzhou and other large cities in China Compared with，Not to be with London、Paris、Tokyo and other international cities are compared with。but，There is no London learning in the world、Paris School、Beijing School、Guangzhou Xue, etc.。Why is Dunhuang so special，A discipline that can form a discipline named after its place，And becoming the world's attention、Famous disciplines?

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The reason why Dunhuang attracts attention，It is determined by its status。Today，If there is no Dunhuang Grottoes，It is difficult for international organizations and ordinary people to know it; if there is no Dunhuang Xue，Scholars in the world are also difficult to have a deep understanding of Dunhuang。This can be confirmed from the fate of the surrounding cities and counties around Dunhuang。

The geographical location of Dunhuang determines its special historical status。Han and Tang Dynasties，Dunhuang is the "throat" of the Silk Road，and the Silk Road is the main road for China's foreign exchanges for a long time for a long time。

In the Han and Tang Dynasties more than a thousand years，China's economic focus is in the north，Political focus is in Northwest，The passage of external communication is mainly the Silk Road on the west。Emperor Hanwu period，Huo Qubing defeated the Huns、Zhang Jian's premise of the Western Regions，Just in today's Gansu Hexi Corridor implements the same county system as the mainland，Set Wuwei、Zhangye、Jiuquan and Dunhuang，This is the famous "Hexi Four County"。At that time, Dunhuang County, a total bet365 best casino games of six counties under the jurisdiction of Dunhuang County，That is Dunhuang、Ming'an、Effect Valley、Yuanquan、Guangzhi and Longle，Including Jinhuang City、Guazhou County、Yumen City and Aksakhsak Autonomous Autonomous County、Some areas of the Mongolian Autonomous County of Subei Mongolia。

While setting up the county and county，To prevent the Xiongnu invasion、Make sure the safety of this area、Maintenance of the "Silk Road" smoothly，The Han Dynasty built a safe defense line on the long road of West Yongzhang to Lop Nur in Xinjiang (also known as Puchanghai) in Lanzhou -Great Wall。

The Great Wall is also known as "plug" in the Han Dynasty，Connect to the castle every 5 kilometers。The castle has a "Beacon Terrace" for issuing alerts，It is called "Pavilion" or "燧"。These castles are according to their size，Disposted by dozens to one or two hundred strokes，Management by "waiting long" and "燧 燧"。Several "燧" has a larger city，called "barrier"，From the "Hyepermia" unification rate。So，"燧 燧" often uses，Represents the defense of the Great Wall。

Regardless of the Silk Road divided into several roads，or constantly changing as a network，If you can have several roads from Chang'an to Dunhuang，After entering the Western Regions from Dunhuang, there are also northern roads、Zhongdao and South Road, etc.，Dunhuang is the only constant Tu Nakou，Therefore, it becomes the hub of the intersection of the east -west civilization。

Because Dunhuang is the "throat" of the Silk Road、The hub of Chinese and Western transportation，So the Han Dynasty set up Yumen Pass and Yangguan in the west of Dunhuang，Controls the business travel of the east to the west。Silk Road North after the West of Dunhuang、Middle、Southern three roads are "from Dunhuang"，Then via "Western Portal" Iwu、Gaochang (now Turpan)、鄯，Da Zhongya、Europe，Dunhuang is its "throat" place。This clearly illustrates the important position and the role of Dunhuang Bet365 app download in Chinese and Western transportation。

Dunhuang on the Silk Road，species and culture from exotic spread to China，As a grape in the West、苜蓿、Wine glass、Walnut (walnut)、Smill、Hu Doudou (Broad Bean)、Religion and other religions、Pomegranate and other products，Buddhism、祆、Scenicism、Religion and other religions，and music、Painting、Sculpture and other arts，All are introduced to China with the prosperity of the Silk Road and unblocked。China's silk and silk fabric、Steel and its smelting technology，and exquisite handicrafts such as lacquerware、Copper mirror、pottery, etc.，It is also introduced into the north and south of Tianshan and Central Asia by Dunhuang，and Broadcasting in Europe in Central Asia。Later，Papermaking in the four major inventions of China、Printing、gunpowder，It is also introduced to the West through this road。

Dunhuang's special status in the Silk Road and Chinese and Western cultural exchanges，Conditions given to Dunhuang with place names。

　Academic value irreplaceable

The special status of Dunhuang determines its value that cannot be replaced in ancient China，Dunhuang studies that can have a wide range of influences in the world，It is mainly due to the discovery of the Dunhuang literature。1900，The guardian of Mogao Grottoes -Taoist Wang Yuanlu accidentally discovered the Tibetan Scripture Cave，That is Cave 17, Mogao Grottoes，There are more than 60,000 volumes of various documents in the Middle of China in China。These documents are mainly Buddhist classics，，And Taoism、Scenicism and Mani teaching classics。Except religious literature，There is also politics、Economy、Military、Geography、Society、National、Language、Literature、Art、Music、Dance、astronomy、Calendar、Mathematics、Medicine、Sports and other aspects of information。

Dunhuang literature has irreplaceable academic value，This is because Chinese history traditions bet365 Play online games are basically contemporary people who are basically unbelievable，Most of them are the history of the descendants' cultivation of the previous generation。When the history of the previous generation,，The main use of the official records such as the official records left by the previous generation，Historian refine these archives and literature、Examination，and according to the official consciousness and the historian of the historian、Historical consciousness conducts choice and analysis。Just like today scholars write papers or monographs，Various historical materials collected may be many，But there are not many materials that are really used in the discussion，Maybe there may be only a small part。Historical long river，Ancient history books such as "Twenty -Four History"、"Zi Zhi Tong Jian" and "Tong Dian", etc.，But the original file failed to keep it。and the historian due to their own historical consciousness、Shi Cai、Different from Shide，Coupled with the location and political tendency、Restrictions on the ideology of the ruler，There is also a genre of a history book、limitation of the method and word number, etc.，Maybe most of the description of outline collar。Such as the average field system of the Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang dynasties，In the books such as "Old Tang Book", "New Tang Book", "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" and "Tong Dian" and other books，All are a brief outline，Lack of specific content，so that the historic community suspects whether the average field system is implemented。Documents found in Dunhuang，It is the original literature that has not been processed and transformed by later generations，There are many specific details about the implementation of the average field system，Ru Gao Tian、Retreat、Owan、Give Tian and other content，Retirement of the field, including old retreat、Reminder、Marriage、Dead retreat。Through the interpretation of these documents，We know that the uniform Bet365 app download field system is really implemented。As for the number of grades of the field is inconsistent with the provisions of the Mandarin Ling，On the one hand, it is different times、Different conditions in different regions; on the other hand, problems stipulated in the system and actual implementation，The regulations of the Lingwen are the highest limit，Not a amount that must be achieved。

Because the scope of Dunhuang documents is very wide，It can be said that everything is available，So it is called "academic ocean"、"Encyclopedia of Encyclopedia" in China in China。Dunhuang documents are found in Dunhuang，It is also mainly the regional literature in Dunhuang，But it is definitely not just a local literature in Dunhuang，but the national literature，Jump out of Dunhuang，Looking at the whole country。Ru Dunhuang's document has both copied in Dunhuang，There are also in Changan、Luoyang and even the south copy it and introduce it to Dunhuang。Literature copied in Dunhuang，Not all reflect the local historical culture of Dunhuang，Instead, it reflects the whole country。，There are literature outside China，As Sanskrit、Sogdwin、Syrian text、Hebrews, etc.，Reflected historical culture outside China，I know、Study excellent materials for the world's historical and cultural。

　Cave art is colorful

The reason why Dunhuang studies can form an international manifestation of places with famous places，In addition to the special geographical location and the "encyclopedia" type of literature，There is another important content，That is the grotto in Dunhuang。This is "Xixue", "Hui Xue", "Turpan Xue", etc.。

Mogao Grottoes are located at the eastern foot of Mingsha, 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang City，From the 4th century to the 14th century，People are here to open the statue of the cave in a row，Founded a grotto group with more than 1,700 meters long north and south。Now Mogao Grottoes are generally divided into north and south areas，There are bet365 Play online games 735 caves in total。Among them，Existing color plastic more than 2400 prevalence，murals 45,000 square meters，Five eaves in the eaves of the wooden cave in the Tang and Song dynasties; 243 caves in the North District，Mainly monks practice、Places where living and buried，There are practice and living facilities in the soil、Stove pit、flue、Niche、Lighting table, etc.，But most of the colorful plastic and mural relics。

As a border county in western China，It can produce such a magnificent grotto art，Not accidental，but the results of the comprehensive factors。Starting from the Han Dynasty，Especially during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Central Plains Culture was accumulated in Dunhuang，Chinese and Western cultural exchanges are booming。As a Silk Road "throat"，Dunhuang first came into contact with Central Asia、South Asia、Culture and Art of West Asia and Europe，Make Buddhist art and culture take root in Dunhuang。

Dunhuang art is Buddhist art，and Buddhist art originated from India，Pass to China through Central Asia。So，There must be many Indias in the Dunhuang Grottoes、Traces of Central Asian Art。If Mogao Grottoes are architecture、murals、Products combined with sculpture，Only as far as the content of the mural，It depicts all nations in my country、The situation of all levels，If production labor、Customs etiquette、The emperor will phase、astronomical geography、astronomical geography、Messenger Chao Meeting、National relations、Music Dance、clothing crown clothing、astronomical geography、Medical and Health，etc.。Therefore，The French call the Dunhuang murals "library on the wall"。

Dunhuang Grottoes are the crystallization of Buddhist art，In addition to the theme of Buddhism，There are many other content，Glass utensils found on Dunhuang murals，Expressing the artistic style of Sasan Persian，From this can explore the manufacturing process of glassware in Western Asia。

Although Dunhuang is the crystallization of cultural exchanges between bet365 best casino games China and foreign countries，The source of Buddhist art is also in India，But Dunhuang culture has a unique status。The founder of Mogao Grottoes Leyi is a native of Dunhuang，Fliang is also "from the East"。This means，Dunhuang Art is also a reflection of the inherent culture of the Chinese nation，It is an important part of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation。

(This article is the National Social Science Foundation's major project "Dunhuang Academic History Information Collection and Research" (17zda213) preliminary results)

(The author is the vice chairman of the Chinese Tang History Society、Professor of History at the School of Humanities at Zhejiang University)