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The bet365 horse racing odds spirit of Chinese historiography has unique national characteristics

May 22, 2020 02:27 Source: "Chinese Social Sciences Journal" Issue 1931, May 22, 2020 Author: Yang Yanqiu

　　In the process of evolution of traditional Chinese bet365 horse racing odds，According to the genre and content of bet365 horse racing odds books，bet365 horse racing odds books can be divided into two categories: general bet365 horse racing odds and chronological bet365 horse racing odds。The Han Dynasty was the establishment period of traditional Chinese historiography，Based on Sima Qian's "Historical Records"、Ban Gu's "Book of Han"、The general bet365 horse racing odds of biographies represented by Xun Yue's "Han Ji"、Both biographical and chronological historical works appeared in this period。Due to class、Xun’s dynasty bet365 horse racing odds demonstrates the purpose of “respecting Han”，More suitable for the replacement of dynasties in ancient China，So keep pace with each other，"Struggle for the first place"，Every generation has no shortage of works，There are very few general bet365 horse racing odds writings。Until the time of Emperor Wu of Liang in the Southern Dynasties，Order Wu Jun to compile "General bet365 horse racing odds"，Starting from the Three Emperors，End of Qi Dynasty，A work clearly signed "General bet365 horse racing odds" appears。Since then，The general bet365 horse racing odds work "Origins and Flows Gradually Farewell"。Reign of Tang Dezong，Du You compiled "Tongdian"，Describe the evolution and changes of the system from the Yellow Emperor to the last years of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty，Establishing a precedent in the general bet365 horse racing odds of the system。

　　Example of chronological general bet365 horse racing odds，It was founded by Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty。He edited "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" from King Wei Lie of Zhou，Down to the fifth generation，The first chronological general bet365 horse racing odds in ancient Chinese bet365 horse racing odds。Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing Period，Zheng Qiao wrote "Tongzhi"，This is a biographical general bet365 horse racing odds handed down after "Historical Records"。The writing of general bet365 horse racing odds during the Tang and Song Dynasties has made great achievements in historiography，Zhang Xuecheng's "Tongyi of Literature and bet365 horse racing odds·Shitong" states: "The General Theory of the Ministry of bet365 horse racing odds，This is the most prosperous place。"Yuanma Duanlin imitates Du You、Zheng Qiao’s work，Another general bet365 horse racing odds of the classic system - "General Examination of Documents"，Together with "Tongdian" and "Tongzhi", it is called "Three Directives"。Ming and Qing Dynasties，"Continued Three Tongs" ("Continued Tongdian", "Continued Tongzhi", "Continued Documents Tongkao") were compiled in succession，Chinese historiography has formed a fine tradition of general bet365 horse racing odds writing。Mr. Liu Jiahe has an article "On General bet365 horse racing odds"，Discussed in it，The writing of "General bet365 horse racing odds" of China originated from the anti-substantial tendency of the Pre-Qin Dynasty、Consciousness of general bet365 horse racing odds with "flexible" ideas。In Western historiography，In fact, bet365 horse racing odds is not famous for "tong"，The tradition of universal bet365 horse racing odds is a kind of substantialism。Therefore，The general bet365 horse racing odds spirit bred by the academic thoughts that connect ancient and modern times in the writing of Chinese general bet365 horse racing odds，Unique to China，Unique national characteristics。

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　　Through past and present changes

　　Sima Qian's "Historical Records" records the bet365 horse racing odds from ancient times to the Western Han Dynasty in a biographical way，In order to "investigate the relationship between heaven and man，Through past and present changes，The purpose of writing "Cheng Jia Zhi Yan"，Created a model for general bet365 horse racing odds。The "changes through the past and the present" here contain three levels of meaning。

　　First, at the level of style throughout bet365 horse racing odds，Through the past and present。The narrative in "Historical Records" is based on the legendary Yellow Emperor，Until the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty where Sima Qian lived, "China was unified"，The Son of Heaven will be here tomorrow，Civil and military，Sweeping all over the world，Internally compiled by billions of people”，An overall investigation of the 3,000-year bet365 horse racing odds of the Chinese nation。

　　The second is to "snatch the world and let go of old news，According to the test，The principles of success and failure”，By compiling historical materials、Research historical events，And related historical events，Summary of the rise and fall of chaos in bet365 horse racing odds，Discuss the reasons for historical development and changes。For example, "Historical Records Taishi Gong's Preface" discusses the bet365 horse racing odds from the rise of the Zhou Dynasty to the fall of Qin: "Jie、Zhou lost his way and died、Martial Arts，Zhou lost his way and wrote "Spring and Autumn"。Qin lost its power，And Chen She became successful，The princes are in trouble，Wind and steam，Death of the Qin clan。End of the world，Self-involved attacks。"Discussed the Tang-Wu revolution caused by political failure、Compiled by "Spring and Autumn"、Chen She Uprising、Changes in historical situations such as the demise of Ying Qin。

　　The third is "original observation，See prosperity and decline”，To "accept shortcomings and adapt to changes"。That is, tracing the origin bet365 horse racing odds rise of emperors，Investigating its end，Summary of historical experience，To reform current shortcomings。With this writing intention in mind，Sima Qian in the prosperous era of Emperor Wu of Han，See "Things prosper and then decline，The reality of “fixing the changes”，Written about the merger of wealthy people，The social crisis caused by the extravagance bet365 horse racing odds royal family。This spirit has a strong awareness bet365 horse racing odds present and reference，That is what Sima Qian said in "Reporting Ren An's Book" to "narrating past events，Those who think about coming" "live in this world，The way of remembering the past，So it’s like looking into the mirror”。

　　Sima Qian’s purpose of writing bet365 horse racing odds to “understand the changes in ancient and modern times”，Basically established the general bet365 horse racing odds tradition of Chinese historiography at the ideological level，Inherited and developed by historians of all ages。Du You's "Tongdian" developed this idea into "discussing the past to understand the present"，That is, "considering the key points of ancient times"，Information for today，Thinking about changes despite disadvantages，Naizeliu Wujie”。Sima Guangxiu's "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"，Intended to "prison on the rise and fall of previous lives，Consider the gains and losses of today”，It is also the continuation of this spirit。“Understanding the changes of past and present” can be said to be the essence of the spirit of Chinese general bet365 horse racing odds，Mr. Shi Ding therefore clearly pointed out: "The changes between ancient and modern times cannot be understood，There is no way to describe the general bet365 horse racing odds！”

　　The meaning of communication is great

　　Southern Song Dynasty historian Zheng Qiao advocated "Huitong"，He wrote in the "bet365 horse racing odds Preface": "Hundred rivers have different trends，Will meet in the sea，Then there will be no danger of immersion in Kyushu。Different paths for all nations，Bitongzhuxia，Then there will be no worries about congestion。The meaning of communication is great！" Zheng Qiao proposed，"Deeper than liberal arts，The book that sees all the world” and “the text of the same world”，Only in this way can "the changes from ancient times to the present be maximized"，Emphasis on the collection of documents from all over the world，Collect historical data and make a long-term connection。

　　“The meaning of communication” is also reflected in the continuity of historical development and the dynamic changes of its connectivity。Zheng Qiao believes that Confucius "Yin Yin Yu Xia Li"，Profit and loss，Knowable；Zhou Yin Yu Yin Li，Profit and loss，It can be seen that” means the “mutual cause” of historical development。He criticized Ban Gu’s judgment of bet365 horse racing odds as “without the meaning of mutual causes”，Lost the "way of understanding" in the compilation of bet365 horse racing odds books。He pointed out that "historians rely on the bet365 horse racing odds of one generation，Cannot understand the bet365 horse racing odds of previous generations，Compiled in one book，You cannot cultivate by knowing the book of the world，Therefore, the events of future generations are not dependent on the events of previous generations”，Therefore improper profits and losses，Creating an emperor for several centuries，One person transmission，"Astronomical Records" written by generations，The cumbersome text of the "Five Elements" in the preface of the world。Truncated bet365 horse racing odds，It will also cause "the former king is not listed as the queen，The affairs of the future do not follow the affairs of the past." "Counties and counties are their own regions." "Rituals and music change on their own."，Unable to understand the changes in the laws and regulations of the past dynasties and the changes in political opinions。This idea was also inherited by Ma Duanlin, another scholar who wrote a general bet365 horse racing odds of regulations and systems，In "Tongkao of Documents", he advocated "the way of understanding the causes"。

　　General bet365 horse racing odds Family Tradition

　　"Shi Tong", "Shen Zheng" and "Answers to Guest Questions" in Zhang Xuecheng's "Tongyi of Literature and bet365 horse racing odds"、Medium level，A clear and in-depth explanation of the "General bet365 horse racing odds" of "General bet365 horse racing odds"，Involving the meaning of "tong"，The pros and cons of compiling general bet365 horse racing odds，Standards for the compilation of general bet365 horse racing odds and other contents。He is in "Shen Zheng"，Highly praised Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi": "Kangzheng Shiqian"，Yiyi Boya，Derogating Ban Gu，Scorning his legacy，To obtain only the historical records of three thousand years，Lunden with discernment，Gai Chengtong Shi Family Tradition，And Zi Wei is the latitude and longitude，One who speaks in a family。"Proposed the concept of "general bet365 horse racing odds family tradition"，The meaning and connotation include the purpose of communication、Pass request、Three aspects of communication standards。

　　一、Purpose of Tong。Zhang Xuecheng thinks，The "general" of general bet365 horse racing odds cannot just be reflected in the title，"White Tiger Tongyi" of Han Dynasty、The "Tong" in Ying Shao's "Customs Tongyi" and the "Tong" in Du You's "Tongdian" are completely different and cannot be confused，Can’t just look at the name，But we must think about the purpose of "tong"。Zhang Xuecheng believes that "the wise one"，So there is no way to connect the world”，It means communicating things that are originally incompatible in the world。This kind of communication can be achieved through examples: "夫通史人文，Thousands of years ago，However, justice and examples lead to it，It doesn’t matter if they are co-authored across generations。”

　　二、Pass request。There is a description of "Tong" in the "Hengtong" chapter of Zhang Xuecheng's "Wen Shi Tong Yi": "Tong is the name，Building examples from roads，Four punches and eight reaches，Everything is possible，It’s called Tongye。Also based on what one knows in one’s heart, although there are differences、Partially complete、size、The difference between wide and narrow，Everyone can reach the main road，So it is called Tongye。”Taking the ability to “connect to the main road” as the highest requirement for “connection”。The bet365 horse racing odds book that can achieve this goal must be "Gangji Tianren"，Tuimingdao，So the writings of "Through the changes of ancient and modern times become a family"。

　　三、Common standard。Identification and ingenuity，Cheng Jiayan。Zhang Xuecheng admires the "Spring and Autumn" family study，Emphasize that general bet365 horse racing odds is a specialized profession，The author of general bet365 horse racing odds must have a creative spirit。He thinks Qiao Zhou's "Ancient bet365 horse racing odds"、Su Che's "Ancient bet365 horse racing odds"、Ma Su's "Yi Shi" and other collections and excerpts of scriptures，Although records from ancient times to the present，But it can only be called a summary of bet365 horse racing odds books，Cannot be called a general bet365 horse racing odds。He called "Historical Records" "Historical Records" as "Historical Records"，Think of it as "an unprecedented example"，Excellent insights”，The first person after "Spring and Autumn"。He praised Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi"，Also created for its uniqueness，"Excellent knowledge and understanding，Original view，The ancients could not let others take the lead，Future generations cannot deviate from its norms”。

　　Inherit the tradition of writing general bet365 horse racing odds

　　Since modern times，With the introduction of evolutionary bet365 horse racing odds and historical materialism，The purpose of writing general bet365 horse racing odds、Content、Method，There are even new changes in the form，At the same time，The fine tradition of general bet365 horse racing odds writing is inherited and continued under new conditions。

　　20th century，Liang Qichao who promotes the evolutionary view of bet365 horse racing odds、Xia Zengyou、Zhang Taiyan、Li Taifen、Liu Shipei、Lu Simian、Miao Fenglin、Deng Zhicheng、Zhang Yinlin、Qian Mu，And Lu Zhenyu who advocates historical materialism、Fan Wenlan、Jian Bozan、Deng Chumin、Shang Yue、Guo Moruo、Wu Ze，etc.，All have made their own explorations and contributions to the writing of the general bet365 horse racing odds of China。

　　Under the guidance of the new historical outlook，The spirit of general bet365 horse racing odds shifts from seeking Tao to the inner relationship of things、Revelation of laws and regulations，Composed in traditional chronology、Biography、Dianzhi、Outline、Historical styles such as chronicles and chapters have turned to the interactive use of multiple styles based on chapter style，The content written also highlights the understanding of the world as never before on the basis of ancient and modern times.、To the nation、Understanding of Sino-foreign relations。

　　The compilation of Chinese general bet365 horse racing odds under the guidance of historical materialism is unique in its own way，Marxist historiography has corrected and discarded the spirit of general bet365 horse racing odds，The writing method is even more flexible、It has been greatly enriched on the basis of Huitong。Fan Wenlan's "Compendium of General bet365 horse racing odds of China" points out the tasks that general bet365 horse racing odds must accomplish: "The first thing is to make a direct connection，Second, bypass，Final deal。"General bet365 horse racing odds of China" compiled by Bai Shouyi，In his "Introduction" he advocated "in terms of content，Request to work on the word ‘tong’，Attach importance to the inner connection of various social phenomena，Pay attention to the development laws of ancient and modern times”。The "new complex" he created absorbed the Biography、The advantages of traditional historical writing styles such as Dianzhi style，Multiple levels、Reflect the process of historical development from multiple angles，It reflects the regularity of bet365 horse racing odds，Reflects the richness of bet365 horse racing odds。

　　(Author’s unit: Institute of Historical Theory, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

Editor: Chang Chang

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