Bet365 lotto review_name，Instead, you must

Home>Journal of China Social Sciences>Special plan>Special planning content

The spirit of Chinese history and history is unique and national characteristics

May 22, 2020 02:27 Source: "China Social Sciences", May 22, 2020, No. 1931 Author: Yang Yanqiu

　　In the process of the evolution of traditional Chinese history，According to the genre and content of the history book，History books can be divided into two categories: general history and inter -generation history。The two Han Dynasty was the establishment of the traditional Chinese history compilation，Yisa Qian's "Historical Records"、Ban Gu "Hanshu"、History of the Chuan Chuan Tong, represented by "Han Ji"、Ji Chuan Ban Ban Shi History and Chronicles of Breakthrough Over -Generation Both appeared in this period。Due to class、History of 荀荀，More suitable for the ancient Chinese dynasty to replace，Therefore, drive together，"Strive Strive First"，Acting on behalf of，Tongshi writings are rare。until Emperor Liang Wu, the Southern Dynasties，Fate Wu Jun compiled "Tong History"，Starting Three Emperors，讫代，A book that has clearly signed with "History" appeared。Since then，Tong History's work "Source flow gradually"。During the period of Tang Dezong，Du You compiled into "Tong Dian"，The institutional changes from the Emperor Huangdi to the end of Tang Tianbao on the narrative，First precedent of the history of the system。

　　Examples of Chronicles and Chronicles，It was founded in Sima Guang。The "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" edited by him from the beginning of Zhou Weilie，Below to the five generations，is the first chronological general history in ancient Chinese history。During the Shaoxing period of the Southern Song Dynasty，Zheng Yan wrote "Tongzhi"，This is a history of passing the body that passed down after "Historical Records"。The history of the general history of the Tang and Song dynasties has achieved great achievements in historical compilation，Zhang Xuecheng's "Cultural History and Park · Shi Tong" said: "，Yu Si is very prosperous。"Yuan Ma Duanlin imitates Du Bet365 lotto review You、Zheng Yi's work，Written into another history of the system of the system- "Literature Test"，"Tong Dian" and "Tongzhi" are also called "three links"。Ming and Qing Dynasties，"Continuous Three Links" ("Continuation of the Code", "Continuation of the Tongzhi", "Continuous Document Exam") continued to compile，Chinese history has formed an excellent tradition written in history。Mr. Liu Jiahe has the article "On the History of the General"，Where the discussion，China's "Tong History" writing originated from the actual tendency of the pre -Qin anti -substantial tendency、The awareness of the history of "change" thought。In Western History，In fact, it does not use the history of "through"，Its universal history tradition is a kind of substantiveism。So，The spirit of the general history of the academic thoughts of Chinese and modern academic thoughts in China，It is unique to China，Unique national characteristics。

　　Change of ancient and modern

　　Sima Qian's "Historical Records" uses the history of the ancient way to the history of ancient to the Western Han Dynasty，"On the occasion of heaven and man，Change of ancient and modern，The purpose of the words of a family "，Create a model of general history。The "change of ancient and modern" here contains three layers of meaning。

　　First, at the level of ancient and modern times，penetrate ancient and modern。The narrative of "Historical Records" is from the legendary Yellow Emperor，until the Emperor Hanwu era in Sima Qian "unified in China，Tomorrow Zizi is above，Cultural martial arts，Sweeps Four Seas，Billions of internal Sessages "，The overall investigation of the history of the Huaxia people for more than 3,000 years。

　　Second, "Loss of the World Loss of the World，The trip of the test，The principle of the success or failure of Ji "，By compilation of historical materials、Test historical affairs，and historical events that are connected before and after，Summarize the changes in the interest and decline of governance in history，Discuss the reasons for historical development and changes。For example, "Historical Bet365 lotto review Records of Tai Shigong" discusses the history of the rise of the Zhou Dynasty to the death of the Qin Dynasty: "桀、Lost of its way and soup、Martial arts，Spring and Autumn "Spring and Autumn"。Qin lost its administration，and Chen invite the trace，Difficulty of the princes，Wind and cloud steaming，Emperor Qin nationality。The Duan of the World，Self -involved difficulty。"discusses Tang Wu Ge due to the loss of politics、"Spring and Autumn" created、Chen She's Uprising、The historical situation of the death of Qin Qin changes。

　　Third is "Primitive Family，See the prosperity and decline "，"Disadvantage of Disability"。That is, the origin of the emperor's rise，Examine its end，Summary of historical experience，Disadvantages of reform。In this writing consciousness，Sima Qian was in the prosperous Emperor Hanwu era，See "Great Fast and Fast，Fix its change "，Write the merger of the rich，The social crisis brought about by the Gongqing of the Clan。This spirit has strong current consciousness and reference awareness，That is what Sima Qian said in "Reporting Ren An" "describing the past，Thinking ""，Zhi Gu Tao，So the self -mirror also "。

　　Sima Qian's "The Change of the Ancient and Modern" writes the purpose of writing，Basically established the history of Chinese history at the ideological level，Inherited and developed by historians of all ages。Du You's "Tong Dian" develops this idea into "Ancient Tongjin"，That is "the maintenance of ancient times，It is suitable for today，Both disadvantages and change，Naizawa Unable "。Sima Guangxiu "Zi Zhi Tong Jian"，It is intended to "supervise the rise and fall of the previous life，Test of the gains and losses of today "，It is also the continuation of this spirit。"Change of ancient and modern" can be called the essence of the spirit of Chinese history，Mr. Shi Ding made it clear: "Not through the change of ancient and modern，There is no history of words! "

　　Affairs of Huitong

　　Southern Song historian Zheng Yan advocates "Huitong"，He wrote in "General Preface of Tongzhi": "Bet365 lotto review Baichuan is different，Will in the sea，Then Kyushu has no immersion in Kyushu。IWC，Back to the bottom，Then there is no worries about the eight wasteland。It is a giant! "Zheng Yan's proposed，"Deep in Boya，and see the book of the world "" The text of the same world "，This will "be able to change the change of ancient and modern"，Emphasized the summary of the world literature，It will integrate historical data and make a long time of penetration。

　　"The Righteousness of the Tong" is also reflected in the continuity of historical development and its dynamic changes in its penetration。Zheng Yan believes that Confucius "Yin is due to Xia Li，profit or loss，You can see; Zhou is due to Yin Li，profit or loss，It can be known that it is said to be the meaning of the "phase cause" of historical development。He criticized Ban Gu Di for the history of the history "no reunion cause"，Lost the "Way of Conference" compiled by history books。He pointed out that "the historian is based on the history of the generation，Can't pass the history of the previous generation，Repair for this book，Fix the book of the world cannot be repaired，The cause of the descendants and the previous generation is not the same because the cause is dependent "，Therefore, profit or loss is lost，Caused a Division of Digital，One person pass，World Work "Astronomy"，The Tedic Text of the Five Elements Biography。Tripping history，It will also cause "the former king is not listed in the queen king，The funeral is not connected to the past. "，Can't clarify the cause of the revolution and political claims of the Ceremony of the Ceremony。This thought was also inherited by Ma Duanlin, a scholar who wrote the history of the system of the system later，He advocates "the way to pass the cause of the cause" in "Literature Test"。

　　Tongshi Family Wind

　　Zhang Xuecheng's "Shi Tong", "Shen Zheng" and "Answers" in the "Literature History and History"、Middle Chapter，Clear and in -depth description of the "general" of "Tong History"，The meaning of "general"，By the advantages and disadvantages of compilation of general Bet365 lotto review history，Standards for compilation of the history of the history。He in "Shen Zheng"，Praise Zheng Yan's "Tongzhi": "Kuang Zhengshi Qi，Erotication，Defense Ban Gu，Erotication，and take three thousand years of legacy for three thousand years，Unconsciously，Gai Chengtong historian style，and self -aimedies，Cheng Family Family also。"proposed the concept of" Tong History style "，The meaning of its meaning includes the purpose of the general、4947_4951、Three aspects of the standard。

　　a、Through the purpose。Zhang Xuecheng thinks，"Pass" of the history cannot be reflected in the title，Han Dynasty "White Tiger Pass"、Ying 劭 The "Tong" and Du You's "Tong Dian" in the "Customs" and the "Tong Dian" are completely confusing，Can't just look at the name，Instead, you must think about the purpose of "passing"。Zhang Xuecheng believes "Tonger，So the world is not connected "，It means to communicate about the world's original incompatible things。This kind of communication can be achieved through meaning examples: "History and humanities，Thousands of years up and down，However, the meaning of the meaning，Then it is not suspected of writing。”

　　2、4947_4951。Zhang Xuecheng's "Hengtong" in "Culture and History" is described by "Tong": "Tongzhi is the name，Cover for the example，Four Chong Eight Da，All must be here，Tong Zhi also。Although the knowledge of its heart is high、Partial、size、Different from wide narrow，can all reach the avenue，Therefore, it is also。"" "Tong Avenue" can be used as the highest requirements for "passing"。The history books that can achieve this goal must be "Gang Ji Tianren，Push Avenue，So the writing of the words of the ancient and modern times "。

　　3、Standards。Don't consider，Cheng Cheng Family。Zhang Xuecheng admires "Spring and Autumn" home learning，Emphasized history is a special business，The authors of the general history must have the spirit of creativity。He believes that 谯 Zhou "Ancient History Examination"、Su Zhe "Ancient History"、Ma Ji "The History of the History" and other bet365 best casino games works，Although recorded from ancient and present，But it can only be called a summary of history books，cannot be called general history。He said "Historical Records" as "History Queen Study"，Think of its "Create Examples，Zhuojian Xue "，The first person after "Spring and Autumn"。He praised Zheng's "Tongzhi"，Also because of its unique creation，"Outstanding Awareness，See you alone，The ancients could not let it go first，Future generations cannot be regulated "。

　　Inheriting the traditional writing of the general history

　　Since modern times，With the introduction of the history of evolution and the introduction of materialist history，The purpose written by the history、Content、Method，new changes have appeared in the form，At the same time，The excellent tradition written by the history is inherited and continued under the new conditions。

　　20th Century，Liang Qichao, who promoted the historical view of evolution、Xia Zengyou、Zhang Taiyan、Li Taiyi、Liu Shipei、Lu Si Mian、Miao Fenglin、Deng Zhicheng、Zhang Yinlin、Qian Mu，and Lu Zhenyu, who advocates the historical view of materialism、Fan Wenlan、翦赞、Deng Chumin、Shang 钺、Guo Moruo、Wu Ze，etc.，All have made their own exploration and contributions to the history of Chinese general history。

　　Under the guidance of the New History View，The spirit of the general history shifted from seeking the Tao to the inner relationship between things、Revelation of the rules and laws，The form of writing is written by traditional editors、Ji Chuan、Code、Outline、Chronicles and other historical bodies have turned to multiple samples based on chapters and use it with，The content of the writing also highlights the world on the basis of the ancient and modern ancient and modern times、For nation、Knowing Chinese and foreign relations。

　　The compilation of Chinese general history under the guidance of the historical view of materialism is self -contained，Marxist history discerned the spirit of the general history，The method of writing is to change、Based bet365 best casino games on Huitong, it has been greatly rich。Fan Wenlan's "Brief Crossing China" pointed out the task to be completed in the history of the history: "First of the same way，The second is to be bypass，Finally, it will be connected。"Bai Shouyi wrote" History of China "，He advocates "in the content" in the "Introduction"，Requires to work on the word ‘Tong’，Internal connection of attaching importance to various social phenomena，Pay attention to the development law that penetrates ancient and modern "。The "new complex" he created by his creation absorbed the Chuan Chuan、Dian -made body and other traditional historical books，Multi -layered、Reflecting the process of historical development in multiple angles，not only reflects the regularity of history，Reflecting the richness of history。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of History Theoretical Institute of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

Editor in charge: Changchang