In ancient China's political system and national governance，The supervision system has an important role and status。It mainly includes superior administrative supervision、Supervisor of full -time institutions such as Yu Shitai and the inspection of the court's special messenger，and accordingly formulated a set of laws and regulations as guidance and specifications。The characteristics and gains of this system，The academic world has provided a lot of research results，Here are some of these outstanding issues and outline。

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The so -called autocracy is the integration of rule of rule and imperial power，The emperor loses all power，Whether it is the inner court auxiliary team or the foreign court policy system，In essence, all serving the imperial power，It is necessary for the implementation of imperial power。The primary task of monitoring，is to ensure this service and implementation。Correction of various illegal crimes，Including the relatives of the emperor、Supervision of the Guan Guan Pets，All must be obeyed here。This is the fundamental requirements of the political system for supervision，It will inevitably affect the operation of the entire monitoring system。

The emperor's control of power，depends on inside and outside、Cultural martial arts、strip、Power cutting and mutual restraint between blocks，It must be based on the corresponding coordination and cooperation mechanism。The more concentrated power, the more concentrated，Power cutting and restraint, the more refined，Corresponding coordination and cooperation, the more strengthening，Otherwise, all kinds of power discrete and disorder，Can't reach effective control。The intricate relationship of power relationship，Make the monitoring process always take into account more factors up, down, left and right，It is bound to blur the authority and responsibility，It is easy to fall into the dilemma of supervision that everyone is responsible and holds high。

The autocratic system provides huge expansion bet365 live casino games space for supervision。When the emperor attaches great importance to the law of law or needs to be responsible for a certain government affairs in the current situation，Supervision can be active and effective。But what is more common is the continuous expansion of supervision rights，Methods and characteristics of monitoring are shifted with the emperor and the dynasty.。So，Prevent the abuse of supervision right，Guarantee Law、The role of regulations，Clarify the focus of supervision，Interference of the administrative process of controlling supervision，Ensure the basic effectiveness of supervision in the balance of multiple factors and relationships，It is the key to the normal operation of the supervision system of the past。

In ancient Chinese national governance，Cheng Bing Emperor's intention to start supervision and consolidate rule，Between the impeachment of the impeachment and the turbidity of the impeachment of the duty，Fundamental is dialectical unity、Hezhi rule、Relationship between Li is chaotic。The problems of monitoring are mostly concentrated here，Different due to the current situation，There are differences in the measures，There are many possibilities for regulating evolution。In history, there was the kind of "Lord Flying on the top，Zhengqing to the bottom "phenomenon，It has also happened that the situation that has rigorously held the law as the last year of the Empress Downsa，The typical typical typical of the law and discipline of the official rule in the early years of Zhenguan，Among them, the lessons and lessons are enough for future generations to attract as learners。

　　Central centralized requirements to strengthen local supervision

Central power is that local power comes from the court、Concentrated in the court，Local officials are appointed and managed by the court。So，The local monitoring is the direct manifestation of the central authority and the powerful guarantee，It has always lived in a prominent position in ancient Chinese political system。Compared with the various departments of the court，Local officials at all levels are directly on the front line of rule，Affairs cluster when resources come out，The region is far and easy to centrifug，Strengthening the supervision Bet365 app download potential is inevitable。

Power of local supervision，Still relying on the three major parts of the supervision system mentioned earlier。Where，The Central Government's administrative supervision of local government affairs and local governors at all levels，Relative to the whole set of politics、Administrative System，This strengthening is often considered when it is necessary to adjust the relationship between central and local relations、Design。Royal Shitai and other full -time institutions to supervise the local area，The degree is often limited，Otherwise, it must expand its preparation person，It is also easy to dilute the focus of its supervision of various departments of the court。Comparison of comparison，Special Emperor's Inspection of the Land，It will be attracted more attention when strengthening the central government for local supervision。Because it can often be "inserted to the end"，Effects directly、Flexible method，Large choices，Can adapt to different situations and needs，It is inevitable that it is related to full -time supervision agencies and local administrative systems，It can be said that the relationship between centralization and monitoring of the central government in the past。

The success of the success of the local inspection system of all ages is the following points。First, regular and irregular、Combining executive inspections，Frequent partitions on the established political district。Emperor Hanwu divided into the history of thirteen states on the county and county，Earlier in the Tang Dynasty divided into ten inspections on top of the state and counties、Interview, etc.，All are regular and relatively stable support，Nor do it exclude the court temporarily sent to inspect。The second is the scope of power and matters clear，Generally, only local officials、Effective，Restricting its scope of supervision，to avoid excessive intervention of local administration。Third is the weight of power，Directly represents the emperor to monitor all places，And can also have the positive incentive function that recommends Xianneng，The rectified person is often suspended immediately，Recommended people have to be reused。Fourth, the inspection Bet365 app download messenger chooses the emerging capable person，Often for the necessary experience for senior important positions，Strict examination and reward and punishment，The living exchanges during the inspection period also have specific constraints。

Sending envoys to supervise the trend of the local administrative system。Division to send envoys to inspect once expanded and stabilized，It will be due to its comprehensive supervision of government affairs and corresponding titles in the area，Transition to another level of local administrative system。Therefore, the history of various states in the Han Dynasty later became state herds，The two -level system of the county and county has become a three -level system in the county and county; the interviews of various ways of the Tang Dynasty also actually became a Chief Executive，The two -level system of the state and county has become Tao、State、County three -level system。This situation is not only a manifestation of supervision of the right to be easily expanded，At the same time, it is also the result of comprehensively strengthening the central government's local monitoring results，Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate and grasp the impact of the inspection of the inspection on the established local administrative system、Adjustment function。

　　Relations of each part of the monitoring system

The mutual supplement and checks and balances of each part of the monitoring system，not only ensure the strictness and efficiency of the entire supervision network，It also prevents the excessive expansion and out of control of supervision rights，It is a major issue that maintains the normal operation of the national governance and supervision system in each period。

Just various supervision agencies、The relationship between supervisory officials is concerned，Yu Shitai and other full -time supervision agencies and special patrols，Among the officials who are subject to audit and tested by the administrative agencies，Different systems，Responsibilities are common，Working often associated。The process of receiving and supervising the power from top to bottom，It will continue to occur in supervision issues of full -time supervision agencies and officials，derived the corresponding system and functions。different inside and outside，The Bet365 app download pattern inside and outside，Often makes the inner court another monitoring system，and often extend its tentacles to the outside world。Therefore, the supervisory agency and official setting and its relationship are intricate，It is the normal state of the supervision system of all ages。The various settings related to it have historical reasons，But it may not be conducive to national governance。Turn into time in time、Streaming relationship、Responsibility，Avoid stacked beds and consumes hundreds of inside，It is a prerequisite for the normal operation of the guarantee system。

As far as the supervision of administrative supervision and full -time agencies or officials of superiors and officials，Even if the system specifies is quite clear，The administrative system will still spontaneously reject various foreign supervision and intervention，Foreign supervision will inevitably involve involvement and affect the administrative process。It is not easy to master the degree，What is important is to ensure the administrative power、Unified responsibility，Effectively implement the principle of full -time supervision and grasp the small and small，The tendency to control its extensive intervention and intervention in administration。For the monitoring of the Special Empress Messenger，Although it has actual and flexible long，But if frequent envoys are frequently sent, especially the matters of supervision，or its responsibilities will not be clearly limited，It is bound to interfere or replace the role of the established administrative and supervision and system，It is necessary to consider the rectification of the existing system。

　　Two basic monitoring mode

In the development of the ancient Chinese political system，The unified order of the Qin and Han dynasties was first built，Chiefs at all levels、Responsibility，Even the subordinates can kill the subordinates，The control of the court is difficult to implement everywhere。This makes the supervisor of superiors highlight，Full -time supervision is not developed，Specialist messengers are rare，Whether the supervision is achieved in administrative goals，It is mainly carried out by the responsibilities of the political achievements Bet365 app download of the chiefs at all levels and the patchwork of a small number of administrative joint nodes，Do not pay much attention to the specific administrative process and the performance of the duties within each institution。Sui and Tang Dynasties，The control of the court has been greatly deepened，Power cutting is thinner and the power of the chief weakens，Administrative affairs are often above、Xia、Completion of the indispensable coordination of the level，Jointly responsible for the emperor。This has weakened the intensity of superior supervision，The scale and functional expansion of full -time supervision agencies，Special Empress Messenger more patrol，The whole set of monitoring begins to present process characteristics。、continuous process for and implementation，focus。

This represents the two basic monitoring mode of ancient China。The premise of target type monitoring is that officials and responsibilities are relatively complete、Divided，The strength is brief and practical、Easy to manage，The completion of administrative goals，The laws of administrative responsibility system; the shortcomings are more controlled by control，Administrative process and problems in the lower levels are difficult to deal with timely，Easy to accumulate out of control and major losses。The premise of process monitoring is intricate administrative relations，The strength is to prevent、Control fine，It is easier to avoid major accidents; the shortcomings are higher supervision costs，Excessive containment affects administrative efficiency。The success or failure of the advantages and disadvantages of the supervisors of the past，It often depends on whether the rulers can use the long length of the two，Adjust the doses according to the severity of government affairs。until the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Project Supervision, although the upper hand，Daniel Minister's approach to the prices of all places is more common，Many major matters still have the ability to seek target type supervision，Monitor the global characteristics with certain composite characteristics，This was an important experience in taking into account the effectiveness of administrative and supervision as much bet365 Play online games as possible at that time。

To sum up，A prominent problem faced by the supervision system，The root cause is often the entire set of political and administrative systems。Disposal of these problems，depends on the dynamic balance of all parts of the supervision system，depends on the practical effect of relevant laws and regulations，It also depends on the consensus and interest expression of the ruling group formed long -term security、The normal mechanism of communication。Otherwise，There are many conflicts and internal consumption，It is easy to make the supervision deformed development，Even the tool of party struggle。In ancient China，This serious situation has repeatedly reappeared，Affecting the country's governance chaos and interest。

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of Ancient History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、President of the History Society of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties China)