Realize the liberation of the proletariat and all mankind、Construction of a "Liberty Unite"，It is the theoretical theme and value pursuit of Marx for a lifetime.。This fundamentally determines that Marx's insights about civilization must have people's knowledge。If Engels understands civilization as "a practical thing，Is a social attribute "，This laid the foundation of the existence theory for the concept of civilization，So Marx understands the "principle height" of civilization as "human height"，It gives people a knowledge and desire to the concept of civilization。

　Bet365 lotto review Unique nature

In view of the concept of civilization, it has multiple meanings in Marx's text world，So we must first analyze Marx's civilization concept，Otherwise, the relevant discussions will be reduced to Marx's criticism "All of this is because of the empty words of 'civilization'" "vulgar insights"。Generally speaking，Marx's concept of civilization has the following four types。

The first civilization concept refers to the "era of civilization" that humans get rid of the barbaric state。With the disintegration of the clan、The development of division of labor and the establishment of the country，Human society enters the era of civilization from the barbaric era，"The era of civilization is such a stage of social development，At this stage，division of labor、Exchange between individuals generated by division of labor，and the production of products combined with these two，Get full development，completely changed the previous society "。This is a civilized view of the humanistic sense。

The second civilization concept refers to a civilized bet365 best casino games state of civilization formed by various regions。Marx explores the development context of Western civilization，Also follow the historical fate of Indian civilization and Chinese civilization。This is the multiple form of civilization，That is, the different expression forms of civilized elements in different countries and regions，With different civilization and respective civilization concepts，Therefore, it is diversified、The relationship between exchange and mutual learning。

The third civilization concept refers to the progress of social development and its positive results。Differences based on the degree of social development，People summarize different societies as "unprepared", "semi -open" and "civilized society"。Marx also follows this concept of civilization，Understand any growth of "social productivity (can also be said to be productive for labor itself)" as "all progress of civilization"。

The fourth concept of civilization refers to the social status and conditions of people’s comprehensive and free development。Marx's "Political Economics Criticism" preface to the previous history, including capitalism as "prehistoric period of human society"。Compared with the concept of civilization of anthropology，The "prehistoric period" of Marx is obviously the concept of civilization in the sense of metaphor.，This shows the true meaning of the Marx civilization view。From Marx's view，The real beginning of civilization，"Human Society"，It means the end of capitalism。Marx divides the judgment criteria of "prehistoric period" and "human society" is exactly the comprehensive and free development of people。

If the first three civilization concepts are the concept of civilization commonly used by Marx and other thinkers，So the fourth concept of civilization indicates the uniqueness of the Marx civilization view。Civilization is not Bet365 app download only understood as the progress of the social object，At the same time, it is also understood as the development level of the person as the subject。

　　The main steering of the Marx civilization view

Compared with the previous view of civilization，The focus of Marx's civilization shifts from social objects to the subject of human body。He understands civilization from the main body，Realized the "subject steering" of the civilization concept。According to the historical view of materialism，The development of civilization has provided the necessary prerequisites for the development of people，The development of people is the principle of the development of civilization。

First，The development of people is the evaluation scale of the degree of civilization。The reason why the former capitalist civilization form is brutal and backward compared to capitalism，It is because people are subject to direct dependence or dependent relationships without independence，At the same time, the ability of people is "just developing in the narrow range and isolated place"。Similarly，Compared with socialism，Capitalism is also brutal and backward。On the one hand，Capitalism does not get rid of the "confrontation law" of the development of civilization in the past，Civilization "Lastly based on the accumulated labor and the confrontation of direct labor。No progress without confrontation。This is the law that civilization follows today "，The civilization of a few people is at the cost of most people living in the "vulva of civilization"。On the other hand，Capitalism adds new contradictions，That is the upside -down of people and things。The lofty of the ancient world is that people are the purpose of production，and the modern world that reduces people into things，The development of things is at the cost of people's alienation。

Bet365 app download Second，The development of people constitutes the inherent motivation of the development of civilization。From Marx's view，The development driving force of civilization comes from people's development，To be precise from free time。Views of the bourgeois "capital equal to civilization"，Marx pointed out，"Since all free time is time for free development，So the capitalist is a free time that workers have created for society，Stealing civilization "。Here，Marx directly regards free time as civilization。So，When Marx's third volume in "Capital" outlines the way from the inevitable kingdom to the free kingdom，He regards "shortening working days" as "fundamental condition"。

Highlight the important position of human development in the development of civilization，Not to confront the development of people with social development。Kezo also proposed，Civilization consists of two facts，That is the development of human society and the development of human own。But，Kezo regards "the development of human itself" only as the "moral development" that is separated from the material foundation，Just like Schotorch criticized Smith only paying attention to material wealth and researching the "internal wealth" as "civilized elements"。These practices are scolded as "Civilized empty talk" by Marx，Because they oppose people's development with social development。From Marx's view，The development and social development of people are simultaneous development、The same process of internal association，Because people are often prerequisite for human history，It is also a common product and result of human history，And when people become their own products and results, they become prerequisite "。

　　From "Capital Civilization Face"to "New Form of Civilization"

People in the view of Marx Civilization，Not only clarify the inner association of people'Bet365 lotto review s development and the development of civilization，and aimed at opening up the development path of human civilization to the "new form of civilization" through the "capital civilization"。For the development of people，Capitalist civilization still has historical progressive significance。Marx pointed out，Comprehensive development individuals want to be possible，"The development of ability must reach a certain degree and comprehensiveness，This is the premise of production based on the value of exchange value，This kind of production only produces the universality of individuals and others and others，It also produces the universal and comprehensiveness of personal relationships and personal abilities "。This means，People cannot stay in the romantic imagination of "the original rich" romantic imagination because of capitalist "hostile people"。The new form of civilization of the comprehensive and free development of the builder，Not only must we have the positive results of modern civilization，More abandoned the state of alienation of capitalism，"Must be overturned to be insulted、Durants、All relationships that are abandoned and despised "。

First，As far as the relationship between people and things，The development of a person should be the independent development of controlling material conditions。Obviously people have created various conditions for the development of civilization，However, they in turn becomes different from humans，"Make your personality fully in accordance with such social conditions，These social conditions adopt the form of the power of objects，and it is an extremely powerful thing "，This is the "mystery of civilization" of capitalism。So，The primary condition to the Liberty Kingdom is "socialized people，The producer united，The material transformation bet365 Play online games between them and nature will be reasonably regulated，Place it under their common control，Do not let it rule yourself as a blind force "。

Second，As far as the relationship between people，The development of people should be commonly shared common development。According to Engels' recognition，It seems that slavery will no longer exist in a highly developed bourgeois society，However, "hidden slavery is always accompanied by the era of civilization"，"One Class's Exploitation of another Class" constitutes the "foundation of the era of civilization"。This exploitation is not only the exploitation of surplus value and material results，And the plundering of free time and even development space，The latter constitutes a more important "social relationship reproduction" that is more important than material reappearance "。This means that most people's upward flow space and free development conditions are eternal sink。In this way，New forms of human civilization are not only the results of everyone sharing development，And everyone shared development opportunities。

Last，As far as the relationship between people and me，People should develop highly freely。Under capitalist conditions，The development of a person shows the state of "involuntary"，People are limited to the division of labor system，even dwarf into a "part" for the machine system。In this way，The development state of a person is presented in the new form of human civilization as the state of "gentleman no device"，In the words of Marx，"People are not reproduced by themselves in a certain specified，Instead of producing his comprehensiveness; not trying to stay on something that has been become a kind of existing，Instead in the absolute movement of the change "。

For the new form of human civilization，"Civilization of Capital" is a necessary prerequisite for people'Bet365 app download s development，also produced various restrictions。The development process of civilization is the discarding process of this restriction。In this sense，Let "This restriction is realized as a limit，Not as a sacred boundary "，This is where the whole meaning of Marx civilization is discussed from the high degree of philosophy。

(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy at Peking University、Jining Cadres School of Political Ethics)