2023 has ended，But global extreme weather、Climate disaster continues to be frequent。This summer, the global large -scale continuous high temperature、All kinds of disasters leave painful memories for people in it。World Meteorological Organization pointed out，High temperature in the northern hemisphere in 2023 is the extreme value since the meteorological records。Special Committee (IPCC) of the United Nations Intergovernmental Climate Change Special Committee (IPCC) explained the warming of climate and extreme weather around the world、Causal relationship between frequent climate events，It is pointed out that this serious consequences originated from humans itself，"No doubt，The impact of human activities has caused atmosphere、Marine and land warming。Atmospheric ring、Ocean、Wide and rapid changes in frozen rings and biospheres "。

Facing severe real challenges，Research institutions of various countries conducted continuous research on climate change and related governance。In 2023, foreign scholars' research mainly focuses on climate toughness、Green Investment、Net zero emissions and green governance and energy poverty development。

　bet365 Play online games

Scholars of South Africa Institute of International Affairs Romy Chevallier and Hannah Sack pointed out，Long -term low emissions and climate tough development strategies are shaping the future trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions，and the speed of determining the transition of a country to a low emission development、Direction and depth play a key role。According to the requirements of the Paris Agreement，Countries are formulating these long -term decarbon frameworks，To solve the environment of the whole society、Economic and fair transition problem。Formulating a goal of quantifying climate change on the basis of the national independent contribution，helps countries explore the development of alternative fossil energy，Establish a new partnership。Countries should promote social and economic green transformation through long -term decarbon cooperation，Cooperative construction of global climate toughness。

Bet365 lotto review Morgan Higman、Joseph Majkut pointed out，In the next 30 years，Climate change will increase the frequency and severity of certain extreme weather，and bring geographical and ecological challenges to various regions。At the same time，Energy transformation is greatly transferring energy systems to more useful renewable energy、Storage technology and higher power consumption。These trends have created opportunities for improving climate toughness。

Australian Institute of Policy and Science Institute Peter IRGA and others believe，Creation of urban green infrastructure is a key step for promoting urban sustainability and climate toughness。Green infrastructure includes nature and semi -natural elements，Like green space、Park、Rainwater Garden、Green roof and wall，Social and economic benefits、Social and economic benefits，If it improves air quality、Reduce noise pollution、Food production、Rainwater management and carbon capture，Improve human health and well -being。Many cities around the world are turning to the initiative of greening and wildness，Efforts to improve human city space。

　　Green Investment

One possible way to achieve sustainable economic growth，is to restrict greenhouse gas emissions。For developing countries that are still on the way of emissions，Change development mode、Steering and sustainable production and consumption，Realize economic growth and ensure the sustainability of the environment，Need a huge green investment support，Especially support from rich industrialized countries。Studies by the Institute of Overseas Development (ODI) in the UK，Global low -carbon development has been promoted for a long time，and always the core content of the Paris Agreement。Realizing this goal is important for a safe climate。Economy and developing economies will emit more than half of the global greenhouse gas in 2030。But，The financial and technical support of the wealthy country promises that it has not been fulfilled，and the new crown epidemic and inflation intensify、In the context of debt crisis，The reasonable choice of many low -income countries in the short term is not the necessary low -carbon development path。If the main economic power monopoly intellectual property rights -related intellectual property rights，or failed bet365 live casino games to expand the opportunity of trade or immigration in the green economy，So take measures to promote preferential financing or reorganization and reduce debt will become a short -term solution for the country。

European Investment Bank reports pointed out，EU company is promoting climate transformation，More than half of the EU companies are investing or planning projects related to climate change。Western Europe and Nordic companies have the most investment in climate change，and China -Europe and Eastern European companies are the most planned investment。The new crown epidemic and the Ukrainian crisis push the EU uncertainty to the highest level in decades。Uncertainty is not good for investment，Green investment is no exception。Rise due to energy costs，The motivation for corporate investment in climate action is offset by increasing uncertainty，As a result, it is not ideal for investment。Although facing challenges，European companies still show toughness。2022，The market share of projects related to investment related to climate change in European companies increased by 10 percentage points，average of 53%。In the Central Europe and Eastern Europe (increased 15 percentage points) and small and medium -sized enterprises (increased 11 percentage points), the growth is particularly obvious。Energy -intensive manufacturing enterprises are more interested in climate investment than non -energy dense enterprises。

Scholars such as Joseph Upile Matola (Joseph Upile Matola) and other scholars pointed out，Insufficient climate financing is still the main restrictions for Africa to promote sustainable and tough development。Limited opportunities to provide funds for African countries due to traditional financing channels，Innovative climate financing method、Especially the way to attract private sector becomes important。The Group of 20th Group has the ability to mobilize technology and fiscal resources，It can play an important role in promoting the adoption of these innovative financing tools。enough climatic financing will help the development of African green economy，Promoting risk sharing in the field of sustainable financial，Develop carbon pricing and provide financing through the local market。

　Net zero emissions and green governance

The 28th Conference of the Convention on the United Nations Climate Change Framework (COP28) Bet365 app download period，"Father of Climate Economics" Nicholas H. Stern wrote a article pointed out，The current emission reduction plan of various countries is generally not enough to prevent the world's heating more than 1.5 degrees Celsius，This may bring catastrophic consequences to the world, especially developing countries。Net zero emissions and stronger climate toughness should be an important feature of the 21st century world economy。To achieve this goal，The world needs real leadership。and China through huge investment in technology fields such as renewable energy and electric vehicles and batteries，International leaders who have become the field of climate change。Recent，Sino，This brings hope to global cooperation with net zero emissions and green governance。

Rachel Glennerster, the University of Chicago, pointed out，High -income countries such as the United States、UK、Germany、France, New Zealand and other countries should be responsible for most carbon that has been emitted by human activities。Even today，Considering China、Economic growth and carbon emissions in India and Indonesia and other places，The 10%richest country in the world is still responsible for about half of the world's greenhouse gas emissions。other，There are more resources in high -income countries to pay the cost of mitigation。Therefore，They should take action to reduce carbon emissions，More effectively solve the major environmental hazards concentrated in low -income and middle -income countries。

Simona Tagliapietra、Reinhilde Veuglers and Jeromin Zettelmeyer (Reinhilde Veuglers) and Jeromin Zettelmey，European industrial policy focuses on green and numbers，For a long time, it has always emphasized the use of toughness and "open strategy autonomy" as a policy goal，Avoid external dependencies at the same time。Policy goals include ensuring the supply of cleaning technology and key raw materials，Increase green research、Innovation、Investment in deployment and latest infrastructure，Create a leading market in terms of cleaning technology，and more strategic use of single market regulations、Public procurement rules and competition policies。The EU "Net Zero Industry Act" lists the net zero technology considered "strategic"。These technologies include solar photovoltaic and solar thermal power bet365 Play online games generation、On land wind energy and renewable energy at sea、Battery and storage energy、heat pump and geothermal energy、Electrician and fuel cells、Sustainable biogas and bioline methane、Carbon capture storage and grid technology。The "Zero Industry Act" proposed，By 2030，The annual injection volume of carbon dioxide storage is 50 million tons，Development of stimulating carbon capture and storage。The bill summarizes a governance system based on the determination of the net zero network strategy project (NZSPS)，and the minimal check of the EU Commission。EU should formulate a wider green industry policy strategy，Use a single market in a credible way，Create a solid new governance framework and new EU -level financing method。

Chad P. BOWN and others at the Peterson Institute of International Economic Research Institute in the United States pointed out，United States、EU and China account for nearly half of the global greenhouse gas emissions，But their climate policy is heterogeneous -because of government forms、Economic Development Path、There is a huge difference in the role of the government in its economy and the production and consumption model。The choice of climate policy has an important overflow effect between different jurisdictions。For example，China's subsidies for solar panels have reduced the cost of solar energy in the world，Stimulated energy transformation in other places; EU's emission reduction benefits other parts of the world，At the same time, it proves the feasibility of climate change through policy innovation; the United States hopes to use a series of tax incentive measures aimed at stimulating clean energy transformation to help promote global technological innovation。In view of the current conflict status，EU、The progress made in China and the United States is the necessary first step for the entire world to strengthen policy cooperation。These three jurisdictions are different，It means that any framework covering its core interests may seize the systemic interests of most other high -income countries and many emerging economies。Compared with only two participants，Three participants will avoid the results of discrimination (at the expense of sacrifice other countries)。Solving trade and climate problems between the three major economies is coordinating bet365 Play online games major trade and climate issues、An important precursor of promoting the reform of the WTO，But it is just part of the current task。Parameters to establish climate cooperation may also have a positive macroeconomic impact。Rules to reduce uncertainty，It may help stimulate the innovation and investment of the private sector; these rules will alleviate the company's concerns about the use of border measures for trading partners to restrict their exports。Some scholars point out，There is not much time left to this world，EU、China and the United States need to cooperate further in the field of net zero emissions and green governance。

Laura Cavalli、Chiara Boeri pointed out，So far，Most policies aimed at climate change are based on reducing production emissions，and measures related to power production，Only a few policies involve demand and the final energy user -consumer。The increase in the emissions of these demand is not only due to increased income，Also due to time factors。Especially in countries where population grows rapidly，The rapid growth over the years has caused lifestyle to harm the environment to the environment.。Therefore，In the carbon emission reduction policy，Demand -driven carbon emissions principles should have the same weight as production -oriented measures。Now people have realized，The transformation of carbon emissions dominated by consumers not only helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions，It also helps to achieve a wider range of sustainable development goals。

　Energy poverty

The expert team of the Energy Policy Research Group of Cambridge University believes，In terms of promoting energy transformation，The market cannot ensure the fairness of resource allocation。This has become obvious on the two main issues: the gradual elimination of energy poverty and coal。High -electricity prices especially damage the poorest consumers，They usually use the larger share of the budget for electricity expenditure。Energy transformation may also damage countries and regions based on fossils，They need more help to adapt to new economic activities。

TEODORA PENEVA, a scholar at the Institute of Economics, Institute of Bulgaria, pointed out，When analyzing the social impact of the European Union's climate policy，Usually focusing on the climate neutral and target，instead of Bet365 lotto review citizen's welfare or happiness，and the government will be limited by many social factors when implementing climate change in climate change，Including poverty and inequality。The share of energy expenditure and low income in the disposable income of residents will affect and weaken the ability of the country to respond to climate change challenges。If the policy cannot be effectively implemented，will lead to higher poverty rate and greater social inequality。If the government does not take action for citizens to prepare for climate change，Climate policy in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy equipment，All will exacerbate people's income inequality、Energy poverty risk，Affecting the carbon neutralization of the fragile family，This is also an important part of Bulgaria's realization of net zero emissions。

　(This article is the key project of the National Social Science Fund "The Status of the U.S. and European Capitalism under the impact of the new crown epidemic、Study on System Dohilers and Development Trends "(21AGJ003) phased results)

(Author is an associate researcher at the European Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)