East Asia before modern times，North Korea、Japan、Vietnam and other countries have systematically accepted Chinese Confucianism，"Cultural Community" with Chinese Confucianism as the core。"Four Books" plays an important role in it，once became Japan、North Korea、Book of Reading of the Confucian Confucianist。Where，North Korea and Vietnamese Confucians' acceptance of the "Four Books" are often proud of loyal "Cheng Zhuju"，and see it as the theory of inbirth。Contrary to it，Japanese Edo Confucianists' acceptance of the "Four Books" shows inheritance、Critical、Discretion and other diversified orientations，Forms a unique "Four Book Views"。So，Examine the formation of "Four Books" in the vision of the East Asian civilization circle、Development and change is of great significance。

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Examine the history of Chinese Confucianism，The formation of the "Four Books" began from the "Taoism theory" of Han Yu in the middle of the Tang Dynasty and Li Yan's "Refining theory"，Following the "Taiji Map of Taiji" in the Northern Song Dynasty Zhou Dunyi，Zhang Zai's "Too much theory"，Cheng、Cheng Yi's table "Xueyong" and "On Meng Mong"，Finally set in the hands of Zhu Xi, Southern Song Dynasty。Before that，The status of the "Four Books", "The Gold", "The Analects", and "Mencius" formed different positions。Why "University" and "The Golden Mean" will be extracted from "Book of Rites" and collectively referred to as "Four Books" with "The Analects" and "Mencius"? This is closely related to the impact of Buddhism in the middle of the Tang Dynasty and the response of Confucianists。

Confucian、Buddhism、Taoism is an important feature of the ideological and culture of the Tang Dynasty，But Confucianism, which is mainly based on science, has obvious deficiencies compared to Buddhism，First, the syndrome of Confucianism is not as precise as Buddhism，The second is the defect of Confucianism at the "mind" level，Then weakened the influence of Confucianism。For this，Han Yu and his disciple Li Yan began to make up for the defects of Confucianism。Han Yu imitated the "Buddhist spectrum" to build "Taoism theory" for Confucianism，bet365 Play online games is Yao、Shun、Yu、Tang、Zhou Wenwang、Zhou Wuwi、Zhougong、Confucius、Mencius，Ether Confucianism also has a spectrum that is also passed down，This promoted Confucius and Mencius、The Analects of Confucius and Mencius。Li Yan discovered，The "mind nature" of Buddhism promotes everyone to become Buddhas，It has a strong bewilder，But in traditional Confucianism, there are also works that talk about "heart nature"，such as "Mencius"、"University" in the Book of Rites，It just does not attract too much attention or does not interpret from the perspective of "mind"。So，He wrote "Reunion Book" around "The Golden Mean"，Methodism that emphasizes the "reputation and sanctification"，Point out that individuals can reach the realm of "sincerity" through the "cultivation of the mind"，can become "saint"。Confucianism and Buddhist science "everyone can become Buddha" the ultimate goal height consistent，There is no difference between the two。The status of "The Gold" is highlighted，Become an important Confucian classics。

Assembly，Zhou Dunyi、Zhang Zai、Cheng Yi、Cheng Yan and others on the basis of "Refining theory" new interpretation of "The Mean"，Not only does the concepts of science in "Tai Chi" and "Heaven" in it，also divided "sex" into "nature of destiny" and "temperament"，Pointing "complexity" is to return to "nature of nature" from "temperament"，Put forward the core point of view of "the Golden Mean is the heaven"。Where，Cheng、Cheng Yi's interpretation of Han Yu's "University" as the foundation，Not only is it called the "Confucius' Lesses"，Also changed the original text and sequence of "University"，Emphasizing the "three programs" and "eight items" of "University" are not simple moral preaching，Instead, it is emphasized that personal "repairing Qi Zhiping" is to explore the "rationality" of the ontology of all things in the universe，Moving the moral cultivation of Confucianism has the purpose of "ontology"。At the same time，Zhang Zai、Ercheng and others further put forward the sayings of "Confucius and Mencius" and "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius"，and in the process of new interpretation of "Yu Meng", elaborate "benevolence is sex", "the principle of the gangs", "the principle of the golden mean"。To the Southern Song Dynasty，Zhu Xi in Zhang Zai、Based on the second journey，Starting from the field Bet365 app download of science, starting a new interpretation of "The Analects of Confucius", "Mencius", "University" and "The Gold"，officially referred to them "Four Books"，and many times from 1182 to 1199, "Four Books and sentences Collection Notes"，It marks the formation of the classic structure of the "Four Books"。Although during the Lizong period of the Southern Song Dynasty (1224-1264)，Zhou Dunyi、Zhang Zai、Erwar and Zhu Xi are equipped with Confucian Temple，The influence of science is surging，But the "Four Books" did not obtain the status of official studies，until the Renzong period of the Yuan Dynasty (1311-1320)，"Four Books" becomes the "Reference Book" for Bet365 app download the imperial examination，laid the identity of its official learning。

The formation of "Four Books" means that the Confucian Confucianists successfully responded to the challenges and impacts of Buddhism in the middle of the Tang Dynasty，Make Confucian worldview、The shortcomings of methodology are overcome，Consolidated the orthodox status of Confucianism。The important thing is，"Four Books" also spread to North Korea with the influence of Chinese culture、Vietnam、Japan and other places，Acceptable by the local Confucianist，Created a unique out -of -the -art four -book study。

　　"Four Books" spread in North Korea and Vietnam

It is generally considered，"Four Books" was brought back to North Korea by the well -known Confucian Confucianist from Goguri at the end of the 13th century.，The road of spreading the "Four Books" and the spread of science in North Korea。Because science is stable society、The important role played by cultivating talents and rejection of Buddhism，Goryeo (918-1392) adds the "Four Books" to one of the teaching contents of the Chengjun Pavilion (Supreme Education Institution)。North Korea (Lee North Korea，1392-1910) After replacing Korean，Not only does it continue Goryeo's approach，"Four Books and Sentences Collection" as the "Book of Scriptures" for Bet365 app download the imperial examination。So，"Four Books" spread widely in Korean society，"Four Books Chapter Collection Notes" becomes a must -read book for North Koreans，Confucianism has also become an orthodox academic for more than 500 years of Li's North Korea。

During this period，Li Yan (Li Huixi) appeared successively、Cheng Hun (Cheng Niu Xi)、Qisheng、Li Yan (Li Liugu) and other science Confucian Confucianism，Especially Bet365 lotto review Li Yan and Li Yan，The two peaks of the science world of the North Korean dynasty by future generations。They go through in -depth study of "Four Books and Sentences Collection Notes"，The understanding and understanding of Confucianism is gradually deepening，and have their own experiences。Li Yan thinks，"reason" is the original original of the world，Everything is assigned by all things，and "qi" belong to "reason"，The relationship between the two is "hairdressing and qi，qi and reasonable "，and apply it to the "temperament" relationship，Pointing out the "Four End (Renyi Li Zhi) Heart" in Mencius "in" Mencius "is the" reason ".，Therefore, pure good but no evil，is "nature of destiny"，and "Seven Love" (joy, anger, sorrow, love, and desire) are sent out by "qi"，Therefore, there are good and evil。So，The interpretation of "Four Books" should focus on the level of "reasoning"，Highlight personal moral cultivation and lattice poverty、Relationship between the complexity of the love。The difference is，Li Yan believes that "Li" and "qi" are not a summary，The relationship between the two is "pneumatic movement，Staticness is quiet "，The temperament of a person is the result of "qi and reason"，Therefore, "the heart of the four ends" and "seven love" are all sent out by "qi"，If "reason" is good, it is good，Otherwise, it is not good。Under this context，"Four Books" interpret，A missing one is indispensable，Moral cultivation is the process of "qi" obey "qi"，This is the core content of the "Four Books"。

In fact，Whether it is "the principle" or the "main style"，The interpretation of the "Four Books" of the Korean Confucians has not been separated or surpassed or surpassed the "Four Books and Sentences Collection Notes"，Just the focus of interpretation is only different。What they argues are really the orthodox dispute of science，All think that your interpretation is the original meaning of "four books"，Although it caused the "four ends and seven emotions" disputes，But to a certain extent, the "Four Books" spread in North Korea，and then established the dominant position of science。

Similar to North Korea，"Four Books" was transmitted to the Chen Dynasty in Vietnam (1225-1400) in the 13th century.，Wide spread in Vietnamese society。After the Li Dynasty (1428-1789) was established，Officials not only respect Confucianism，Also improve Bet365 app download the imperial examination system，Use the "Four Books" as an important content of the exam，It laid the official identity of the "Four Books"，This makes Vietnamese scholars be enlightened and enlightened by the "four books"，Ruan Bingqian appeared even more、Wu Shilian、Li Guizhen and other famous Confucianists。Different from the Korean Confucianist is，Vietnamese Confucianists almost directly inherit the annotation of "Four Books and Settles"，Neither "in -laws" and "main qi" disputes，There is no practical orientation of science，Instead, the "Four Book Solution" simplified "Four Books and Settles"，Its purpose is to make the "four books" easy to understand，More suitable for students to learn classic。The then Ruan Dynasty period also implemented a minister，"Four Books" is a must -read book。

This means，Korean Confucianists and Vietnamese Confucianists' acceptance of "Four Books"、Absorbing with loyalty and loyalty to push it as a pride，orthodox self -self -self -self -self -self -self -self -proclaimed，Even the "rational" battle of the Korean Confucianist，It has not surpassed the category of science。So say，The "Four Books" of North Korea and Vietnam are mainly replica and inheritance of China's "Four Books"，There is not much creative view at the ideological level。

　　"Four Books" changes in Japan

For Japan，"Four Books" passed in in the 13th century，But the scope of the original circulation is only between monks，This situation did not change until the Edo era of the 17th century。Because Tokugawa Ieyasu urgently needs to be in the early days of the establishment of the shogunate, the "rectification of name" and "stable rule"，So Tokugawa Ieyasu chose Confucianism as the theoretical support for maintaining the order of rule。From this，Cheng Zhuxue (mainly Zhu Zixue) began to prevail in Japan，Kyoto Zhuzi School (Akihara Kwo、Lin Luoshan, etc.)、Haixi Zhu Zixue School (Antong Province、Beihara Yixuan is represented)、Hainan Zhu Zixue School (Gunzhong Time、Nasaki Darkzhai as representative), etc.，shows the strong influence of Edo Zhu Zixue。The important thing is，The "Four Books", which has an important connection with Zhu Zixue, also became popular，Become a must -read book for Edo Folk Enlightenment Education，Scholars of different schools are mostly influenced by the "four books" and enlightened enlightenment。

Bet365 lotto review But，In the Edo era, the academic events of the "four books" of ancient school deconstruction，This situation is really rare in the "Four Books outside the Domain"。Ito Renzhai and Matsuki Lai are the main representatives of the ancient school，They "counter -rational、Retroology "and is known for，It advocates "Four Books"，I deconstructed the "Four Books"。In the vision of Ito Renzhai，"The Way of Ren Lun Daily" is the core of its ancient ideas，And the Analects of Confucius and Mencius is the carrier of "the way of humanity"。He uses the second book as the reference，The core propositions of the chapters of the "Non -Confucius" and "The Golden Mean" and "The Golden Mean" were proposed，I believe that Song Ru joins the saying of "grid poverty" in the "University"，has deviated from the purpose of "Confucian Confucianism"，Judging from the original text of "University"，Song Ruru's most valued "Mingde", "Gexing" and "Knowing", etc.。For "The Gold"，Ito Renzhai not only denies the new interpretation of Cheng Zhu and others，I think "The Golden Mean" is "Yanyi" in "The Analects"。So，Ito Renzhai denies the important location of "Xueyong" in the "Four Books"，Direct "Four Books" structure into "language Meng" structure。Different "Taoism" from Ito Renzhai，The "Taoism" of 荻 徂 徂 徂 is mainly the way of the sage，Also known as the Way of the King，Only Yao can be called "Pioneer"、Shun、Yu、Tang、Wen、Wu、Zhou Gong seven people，Because they all have the work of "making ritual and music" or "stable world"。As for Confucius，Although there is no work similar to king，But its "Six Classics" inherits the "Pioneer of the King"，and by teaching students to make the Word of the King of the King in the later generations，Therefore, Confucius can be called "saint"，In addition, there is no "saint"。That's why，荻 徂 's "Confucius and Mencius" of Song Ru and Ito Renzhai，Because Mencius is not a saint，He is not inherited the way of the first king，"Mencius" is also difficult to compare with "The Analects"。For "University" and "Mean"，荻 徂 徂 徂 also pointed out that the interpretation of Song Ru and Ito Renzhai both has fundamental errors，Det off from the original purpose of the "Sage"。The classic structure of "Four Books" is completely deconstructed by 荻 徂 徂，Only "The Analects of Confucius" can be called classic in the "Four Books"Bet365 app download ，can be referred to with the "Six Classics"。

Obviously，"Four Books and Sentences" with Zhu Xi and the Korean Confucianist、The "Four Book Studies" of the Vietnamese Confucians compared to，Japanese Edo Confucianist's criticism of the "Four Books" point to the key part of Song Ru's construction of "Four Books "-" Body Theory "and" Heart Sexualism "and other content。Starting from Ito Renzhai，荻 徂 徂 and others deeply realize that the "style of the four books" in the "four books" and "mindfulness" in the "four books" are not too important for "the way of humanity"，Especially the "theory of ontology" built by Song Ru，completely departs from the basic "way of humanity"。So，Their argument focuses on reality、Specific "Tao of Humanity" and "The Word of Governing the Country"，"Practicalism" feature that shows Edo thought。

Investigate the formation of "Four Books" from East Asia、Development and change process，It can undoubtedly get rid of the restraint of "self -nationalism"，No longer a separate inspection of China、North Korea、Vietnam、Japanese "Four Books" works，Instead, look at the "Four Books" annotation of Confucianists outside the domain with an equal vision，Affirmation of China to North Korea、Vietnam、Impact，Highlight the characteristics of it，So that the research on this aspect is closer to the truth of East Asia's "four books"。

　　(The author is a professor and dean at the School of History of Northeast Normal University)