Identification The earliest belongs to the category of philosophical research，The essence of the main study of human knowledge、The origin of knowledge and the confirmation and judgment of knowledge。For thousands of years，philosophers conducted long -term speculation research on the theory of epistemologists。Research in the field of psychology，The earliest can be traced back to Piajie。Piajie studied for children's intelligence development，Using the term "Breeding theory" to describe the occurrence and development of individual knowledge。The 2070s，Perry (Perry) was influenced by Piage's epistemology，Start paying attention to the cognitive development status of individuals after formal operations，Tracking research on college students with questionnaires and interviews，Discuss their interpretation of the essence of knowledge and learning experience。Perry proposed，There are nine state from low to high in the epistemology of college students，These nine states can be further summarized into level four levels。One is dualism: Knowledge is absolute，Authoritative grasp the truth and can be passed to the learner。The second is Multiplicity: Knowledge has diversity and uncertainty，Truth can be recognized，But the authority cannot give an absolute answer，Everyone has the right to have their own opinions。Third is Relativism: Knowledge is relative、Related、Situation。Fourth is the relativism contract (Community withrin Relativism): individuals must make and affirm their value、Career、Relations and a contract for personal identity。Perry's research reveals the development of college students' epistemology and beliefs from the law of dual theory to the law of relativity，That is、good or bad and other poles to explain the external world; when it is realized that people have a diverse angle of things，The idea that originally believed absolute authority started to shake，Turning to hold a diverse theory; finally gradually understand that knowledge is gradually constructing、It contains in the overall relationship、Variable，It will hold mature relativity views。bet365 Play online games Perry's research allows people to understand how college students understand the essence of knowledge and learning experience，Create a precedent for the study of contemporary educational psychology。

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The core of Epistemology Beliefs is the beliefs held by the individual's nature (The Nature of Knowledge) and the essence of knowledge (The Nature of Knowing)。Schommer's multi -dimensional belief system theory believes，Epidemic and beliefs include the source dimension of knowledge (from authority from authority、Textbook or teacher's knowledge from their own experience and reasoning)、Structural dimension of knowledge (from knowledge is isolated、Breaking facts、Concept to knowledge、There is an inner connection between knowledge and life)、The judgment dimension of knowledge (judgment from authoritative judgment to the use of certain inquiry rules or special knowledge)、Learning ability dimension (from congenital to the day after tomorrow can be improved)、Learning speed dimension (from learning is quickly completed to learning step by step)。Later，Schumann proposed an embedded system model for epistemology (Embedded Systemic Model)，I believe that the individual's epistemology and belief system is not a vacuum，Instead of knowing how to know、The embedded system that interacts with multiple systems such as learning behavior and social culture。Hofer and Pintrich proposed the two -level dimension model.，The core structure of conceptual and belief involves two major factors，That is the nature of knowledge and the nature of knowledge。The former includes two dimensions: knowledge certainty and simplicity of knowledge; the latter includes the source of knowledge and two dimensions obtained by knowledge。Studies by Zhou Yan and Tan Dingliang indicate，The epistemology of Chinese college students contains knowledge certainty、Simple knowledge、Garment of Knowledge、The ability to learn、The speed of learning、Six factors for learning。

　Customs and believe in faith has extensive significance and value

Epidemic and belief as a meta -cognitive knowledge，It's like a deep hidden in the student cognitive process、Emotional Experience、The invisible hand behind academic behavior performance，Guide students' learning process，Affecting learning results。

Bet365 lotto review First，Different epistemology will make students look at learning from different views，Then it affects its learning motivation。Have positive and effective、Students with mature epistemology often have strong learning motivations，A sense of accomplishment and joy that can experience learning。Next，Students' understanding and beliefs will affect their cognitive process、Strategy selection。Epidemia can not only help students understand (What) Cognitive strategy may solve problems，Promoting personal thinking whether these strategies are suitable for the current situation，It can also help individuals use validity when when different strategies are (when) or where (where)。again，Epidemia has an important impact on students' learning methods。Last，Students' understanding and beliefs will affect the decision and execution process of learning will。Positive、The correct epistemology can guide students to choose the correct will to decide，It is beneficial to the formation of good will quality，"Positive Energy" can be given for the execution of will。

Under the popular network learning environment today，Epidemia has an important impact on the use and learning results of students' network search strategies，When the degree of certainty is low and the answer is more complicated，Students holding mature episodes have better performance in search of the richness of the results。Whitmire research discovery，Utilities of individual episodes to use the medium of information query、Search Strategy、Information evaluation, etc., has an important impact。Those who have low epistemology and belief are more passive，When found the required "authority" information，will stop information query，Information that is easy to give up or ignores conflict。Comparison of comparison，College students with high epistemology and belief are often more active，Information that can deal with conflicts and correctly understand authority，Will take the initiative to take effective query strategies in the information query，The information query process is a process of active construction。

The study of epistemology and belief is not only important in the field of education and teaching situation，Solution in daily problems、Decision and other process also has important value。Schumann'Bet365 lotto review s research discovery，Mature epistemology can predict the level of thinking of the individual's dilemma in daily life，The more individuals believe that knowledge is complex、Tenture and other features，The easier it is to adopt a diversified perspective，Happy to correct your thinking。Mason's research discovery，When searching for information through the Internet,，Epidemic and belief will play a role of meta -cognitive monitoring，Information help individuals process complicated or even contradictory information。Kuhn's research pointed out，Individuals with mature epistemology，More inclined to use refutation -refuting method and generate unusual views，Higher critical thinking level。Hoffe proposed，Personal epistemology and beliefs in the field of education，Self -regulation and learning of students' flexible learning strategies、Getting positive learning experience and good academic performance has an extremely important role。outside the field of education，Personal understanding of beliefs has a wider significance，If the arbitration committee's choice of evidence，People have an environment、Medical and social policies and other issues view，Reading for daily life、Experience、Treatment of information, etc.，All are related to personal understanding and beliefs。From this can be considered，The study of epistemology and belief should become the mainstream of cognitive development research。

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First, to improve the level of understanding of teachers。Teachers' understanding and beliefs can be regarded as "meta -cognitive" of teachers，It is in a higher position of the teacher belief system，By affecting the teacher's learning belief and teaching beliefs，Then "control or change" teachers' teaching activities。Yu Ping's research indicates，If the teacher recognizes the uncertainty and dialectics of knowledge，will actively guide students to explore the ins and outs of knowledge，Make teaching a "process" model; otherwise，The entire teaching may be a "result" model。Situation factors、Teacher Education and Teacher Professional Development can change the understanding of teachers to a certain extent。For example，Lee (Lee) implements the implementation of the teacher career preparation Bet365 lotto review project，Effectively changed the understanding and belief of the former teacher。Liang Yongping and others think，Teachers' understanding and beliefs are largely influenced by the current textbooks。When the current textbook is designed to understand themes，If the conclusion state content that only values ​​knowledge，That is, the theme of knowledge generally involves only these two aspects of knowledge and knowledge，It is still a scientific cognitive level，No rising to the level of epistemology。They proposed the "WWHW" thinking model that enhanced the understanding of teachers' understanding and beliefs，What is scientific knowledge? What is the value of scientific knowledge?，Based on the perspective of epistemology，From knowing themes、Inquiry activities、Differential and Reflective discourse、Work Design and other aspects to improve the design level of textbooks。In short，Wake the teacher's knowledge and beliefs through various ways such as teacher training and textbook improvement，Guide teachers' reflection、Qualified、Reform and improve your own epistemology，It can have a subtle effect on students，Knowledge and beliefs to help students develop mature。

Second, use diverse teaching organization forms and flexible teaching methods。For example，Take cooperation learning、Case analysis and other forms of teaching organizations，Pay attention to discuss personal reflection with the group、Group Representative Report、Teacher Summary and other organic combinations。Relatively speaking，These teaching methods can change the passive state of students in the course of learning to a certain extent，Stimulate students' participation interest，Treating students' in -depth thinking。In this process，Students must take the initiative to find and screen materials，Merk knowledge constructing and discovery discussions，instead of passively accepting a set of fixed knowledge; at the same time, you must learn to express your point of view，Learn to communicate with companions。Through this open teaching，Students gradually realize the fun of actively exploring knowledge，Experience the improvement of your ability。

Third is to offer a variety of elective courses。Diversified courses enable students to experience the interconnection bet365 live casino games between subject knowledge、blending、permeability。Conditional schools can offer elective courses for critical thinking，Critical thinking training for students，It helps to cultivate their good thinking habits，At the same time, it also helps to improve their level of epistemology。When talking about the importance of critical thinking training for college students，Gu Zhenye once said: "Compared with ignorance，Unreasonable looks worse。College students are professional learners，For professional learners，How much do you have a little reason and reflection spirit，Think and rigorous thinking attitude，Pursuit of clarity、Consistency、Thinking habits of legitimacy and reliability，and the thinking skills of independent and self -correction，It is more powerful than reserve knowledge。”

Fourth is organizing debate competitions。Debate involves viewing and refutation of views on the front and back。When an individual faces two conflict views of the same problem，Or the different views of the same problem，It is easier to cause cognitive conflict。From the perspective of sample -based learning，Materials containing two contradictions are the best interpretation of knowledge uncertainty。According to Ku's demonstration model，The development of demonstration skills requires the following links: First, the theory of supporting the theory with strong arguments (such as experiment or investigation data, etc.) instead of fake evidence (such as personal life experience, etc.); second, think of the alternative theory with evidence support; The third is to generate arguments to refute your views，Thinking and answering the question "What will people who do not agree with my point of view"; Fourth, refute the alternative view，That is to enhance your point of view by refuting evidence，This process includes carefully evaluating existing evidence and refutation evidence，The value of weighing evidence，Perform comprehensive analysis，Therefore, a certain point of view is more correct than another view or required further evidence support.。Debate is undoubtedly beneficial to developing students' argumentation and reasoning ability and rational thinking ability。School regular debate competitions，Encourage the majority of students to do professional knowledge、bet365 live casino games Current affairs politics、Social hotspot thinking and arguing，Form a kind of advocating contention、Advocate reason、A good atmosphere of encouraging speculation，Let the campus show reading everywhere、Surprising and Discussion figures，can enrich students' extra -curricular life，It also helps improve their level of epistemology。

Five is to supplement the new progress of knowledge research in time。Compared with existing cultural achievements，New progress can better reflect the relativity of knowledge、Dynamic and other features。Teachers must not only pay attention to the system teaching of textbook knowledge in teaching，And should also broaden students' vision，Pay attention to the latest progress of the content of the textbook content supplementing cutting -edge research，Encourage students to obtain the latest information from professional learning，Or introduce experts and scholars to introduce new progress on research in a certain field，Let students experience the dynamic process of knowledge development，I feel endless in the process of human exploration，Understanding the limited nature of human cognition，Then establish a lifelong learning concept。

　(The author is a professor at the Department of Psychology at Liaocheng University)