General Secretary Xi Jinping talked about the deepening of the Chinese civilization exploration source project，To broaden the scope of time and space and cover the field，Further answer the origin of Chinese civilization、Formed、Basic pictures of development、Internal mechanisms and the evolution path of civilization in various regions。Xia, Shang and Week period，A large number of exquisite bronze wares are cast in the southern area，Leave many precious cultural heritage，The brilliant picture of the bronze civilization with the Central Plains and the northern bronze wares，I have made important contributions to the bronze civilization of China and the world。Examine southern bronze civilization，The brilliant achievement of knowing southern civilization、The evolution path and the diverse pattern of Chinese bronze civilization are important。

　　bet365 Play online games In many southern bronze wares，Some instruments are not seen in the Central Plains and the North，The basic form of bronze civilization in China and the world is enriched from the category。For example，Large -scale stand -up portrait unearthed from Sichuan Sanxingdui No. 2 sacrifice pit，up to 2.6 meters high，Holding hands with both hands，Wearing mask and flower -shaped crown，The crown is decorated with "sun halo" pattern。No. 4 sacrifice pit unearthed and kneeling on the portrait，Kneeling sitting，Twist to the right side of the body，Make a "together" in both hands and lift it in front of the body，"V" shape pattern with staggered belts on the portrait belt，The tailorite commonly used in the southern region of the hand。Another example，The god tree unearthed from the No. 2 sacrifice pit，Residual height 3.98 meters，is the largest bronze god tree in the world in the bronze era; the whole tree is from the base、Tree body and dragon three parts，above the base is the tree body，The trunk is straight up，It has three layers of branches on its upper set，One flower at the top of the branch，Flowers have hollow petals and fruits，Polybirds on the flowers of some branches; casting a dragon on one side of the trunk，Dragon body，until the top of the god tree，See you only。other，Many bronze masks were unearthed in Sichuan Sanxingdui sacrifice pit、Sun Shapeer、Eyeform, etc.，Show the achievements of bronze civilization upstream of the Yangtze River。

Many distinctive bronze wares have also been unearthed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，Reflected the brilliant achievements of bronze civilization in this area。For example，Tiger food people unearthed from Ning Township, Hunan，The whole device is a squat tiger shape，Tiger mouth big Zhang，A person who squats in front of the tiger，Different from the Central Plains Bronze。Shuangyang Zun unearthed from Ningxiang is also very unique，Double sheep coupling together，Rolling corner sheep's head to the outside，Tube shaped in the back of the sheep，Four -foot standing。Another example，Double -sided god portrait unearthed from Xingan Oceania, Jiangxi，There is a round tube in the middle of the head，One outer roll angle on each side，Tip tooth，Among them, the outer rolls of the two teeth are like a teeth，Not seen in other regions。缶 is the more important category of Chinese bronze wares，It is mainly found in Chu Cultural Area from the mid -spring and autumn to the Warring States Period，It is a representative bronze in the East Zhou period of the southern region。other，Giant in Ningxiang, Hunan、汨 腹 腹、Pixel Honor of Fuling，The four tigers 镈 镈，The sickle -shaped device and 璋 璋，The corner of the Dandu of Jiangsu，Bell -shaped five -pillar instruments in Anhui Tunxi and other places、Stranging 盉 盉，and the antlers of the Tomb of Zenghou Yi in Hubei、Build a drum、Founded Jianxuan, etc.，or first appear in the southern region，or mainly distributed in the southern region。

other，Bronze wares in the late Shang Dynasty in the south are mostly from mountains and rivers、Near the river，Early unearthed by multiple single parts。It is generally considered to be a sacrifice mountain、The sacrifice of the god of the river，The situation of burial in the tomb of the Central Plains bronze is very different，Reflected the unique cultural meaning of the bronze civilization in the south，enriched the cultural connotation of Chinese bronze civilization。

　　improved the artistic achievements of Chinese bronze civilization.Southern bronze wares are also distinctive in shape。For example，Four Sheep Fang Zun unearthed from Ning Township, Hunan，Two -corner decorative round sculpture sheep head，The abdomen is synthesized by sheep and abdomen，Circle foot decorative relief sheep feet，Gorgeous shape，Fine decorations，It is a rare masterpiece。Another example，Antlers from the tomb of Zeng Houyi tomb，Deer、Crane One，Crane stands on the stand -head standing，Cervical pole long，The first one is inserted with antlers，Bending is arc -shaped，Wingspanage，Standard legs，The idea is extremely clever。other，Various portraits of Sanxingdui、Altar、God Beast、God Bird、Dragon shape、Four Cave Fang pot、High circle foot folding shoulders，Jiangxi Xinqian's four -footed square、Four Cave Fang pot、Fake belly beans，Fangzhi (also known as horse)，Beast Face Drum of the Tomb of Zenghou Yi, Hubei、Beil waist tripod、Zeng Hou Bird Bird Beak Instrument、Long -necked pterosaur editor, etc.，Unique shape，Basically not seen in the Central Plains and the North，Full of imagination。

The decoration on the bronze wares in the south is also wonderful，Can be divided into graphic decoration and three -dimensional decoration。Representative plane decorations are like a dental feet decorated with new dry bronzes，The striker is triangular，The back end is divided into two wings，The overall shape is like a dovetail，It is a popular bronze ornament of the Ganjiang River Basin during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties。Another example，Mulberry patterns to respect the abdominal decorative mulberry patterns，Leaves and surroundings are decorated with relief silk patterns，Silkworms make up、Crazy or eat mulberry leaf，​​Dynamic full，lifelike。other，And Hunan Ning Township Dahe Fang Ding's face pattern、The cloud -shaped beast facial pattern decorated by Dajie，Anhui Funan Dragon Tiger Zun is decorated with tiger food and people's patterns, etc.。These decorations may not be seen in the Central Plains and the North，or the style and style of similar ornaments with the Central Plains are obviously different。

Southern bronze wares with distinctive three -dimensional decoration are endless。Such as a square -headed horse image on the shoulders unearthed from Taojiang, Hunan，Four bet365 Play online games images of the four -phase back edge of the square of the square instrument seat。Another example，Hubei Yejiashan Four Tigers，Two transparent carved tiger -shaped ridges on each side of the clock body，Tiger moves down。Wonderful three -dimensional decoration, as well as the first 扉 ridge of the Yuanzhangbian in Zhuli Street, Sichuan、Hunan Ningxiang Siyangfang Zun Shangshangxiang Xiang Sheep image、Jiangxi Shinanqian Four -footed Ears, deer -shaped attachments, etc.，Basically not seen in the Central Plains and the North。

These distinctive shapes and decorations on the south bronze ware，Most of them are made in the animals and plants commonly common in nature，Then perform imaginative art processing，It has strong realism，It has extremely high artistic value，Zhao shows that the artistic achievements of the bronze civilization in the south seem to be inferior to the Central Plains。

　　improved the technical level of Chinese bronze civilization.At present，Chinese bronze wares loss wax casting technology，Perhaps the earliest application of the casting practice of southern bronze wares。Lost -lost casting process is made of casting models with molten materials such as beeswax，Use mud to fill the facts multiple times，Then bake to make wax flow out，Later, pour the copper liquid condenser。The copper ban unearthed from the Tomb of the Chu Temple of Xichuan Temple is one of the earliest lost waxing methods in my country，Banning and its beast、Tiger feet and the molecules on the ban are made with multiple wax molds，Refined into a complete cast，After the wax loss method is cast once。other，The decoration of Zenghou Yizun Pan, Suizhou, Hubei is also likely to be cast with a waxy method，There are multiple overlapping overlapping accessories on it，Linglong Clear，Exquisite，It is a rare treasure in the world。This can be seen，Spring and Autumn in the late Spring and Autumn Period has reached a very high level，Push Chinese bronze casting technology to a new peak。

At the same time，Creation of the red copper pattern casting method，It is also an important contribution to the southern bronze casting process。Ruchuan Temple Chu Tomb Bathing、The red copper animals and geometric patterns cast on the utensils and other utensils，It reflects the superb red copper pattern casting process。other，The composite model casting technology in bet365 best casino games the south has also reached a very high level，Tiger Fang Ding, unearthed from the Nihona Oceania，A large number of casting and casting marks left by the wizer table can be known，This Ding model uses more than 30 internal cores and external models; the casting of the bell of Zeng Houyi requires hundreds of pieces of pottery，and need strict models and combination，Casting process is exquisite and complicated。The "full -divide casting" casting process in the south is also amazing，Giant Hun and Unblocked Boat in the Tomb of Zenghou Yi，Both the body's body is divided into the whole，Divided into two casts，The upper half and lower part of the cast body，Casting again。Lianshu large pot is divided into three sections of cast，First cast the neck of the pot、Circle foot and abdomen，Covered again。The complexity and difficulty of this type of casting method are far exceeding the bronze ware with a one -time muddy castor or a divided into attachment。

other，The use of copper pads is also an important invention of southern bronze casting process。Copper pads refers to when using a composite model to cast a bronze ware，Place in Fan and Fan、Bronze pieces between Fan and core or core and core，Used to support the core、Ni Fan。The use of copper pads in the southern region can be used as early as the Erlitang period (early in the Shang Dynasty)，and the Central Plains region started to use more copper pads during the Yinxu period。

The superb casting process shown in the southern bronze ware，Provides technical support for the large amount of local exquisite bronze wares。At the same time, it also shows that the southern craftsmen not only accepted the bronze casting process in the Central Plains region，and there are many important creations and inventions，It has contributed important forces to the top of the world's bronze civilization on the top of the world's bronze civilization。

Except in the device class、Device、In addition to outstanding achievements in decoration，Many bronze "器 King" is also cast in the south，Occupy many of the bronze wares in many China and even the world。For example，The largest disc in the Shang Dynasty is the Dragon Dragon Drive Disk of Chenshan, Wenling, Zhejiang，The largest disc in the Western Zhou Dynasty is the four phoenix plates in Yishankou, Jiangsu Yishankou，The biggest 罍 is the dish Bet365 lotto review 罍 罍 罍 罍。other，Zeng Houyi in Suizhou, Hubei is the most complicated bronze in the world's bronze era。

　Reapchers the diverse pattern of Chinese bronze civilization.The Central Plains Bronze Civilization in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties is highly developed，Its superb casting technology、The developed ceremony system and a large number of fantasy animal decorations，an important impact on the bronze civilization in the south。A large number of bronze wares in the southern region in the device category、shape、The decoration and craftsmanship are the same or similar to the Central Plains region，Such as a folding shoulder -shoulder in Sichuan Sanxingdui sacrifice pit、Folding shoulders、觚、card decoration、Beast Face Pattern、Dragon pattern、Bird pattern; Beast faces unearthed from Ningxiang, Hunan Ning Township are divided into crotch Ding、Father Aya、Ge、Beast Facial Pattern、鸮卣 鸮卣 鸮卣 鸮卣 鸮卣 unearthed from Changsha Baodi，Father ethics unearthed from Changde Shimen; Deep -belly round tripod unearthed from Xingan Oceania, Jiangxi、夔 -shaped flat -footing、Fang Ding、Fangxian、Earlobes of Ear Ellipse; Circle Ding in Yejiashan, Hubei、Fang Ding、簋、盉，Folding along the Tomb of Zeng Houyi、Zhong, etc.，They are the same or similar to similar utensils in the Central Plains。Another example，The shape and decoration of Sichuan Sanxingdui sacrifice pit sacrifice pit are similar to the Ziyu Zun of Xiaotun M18, Henan Province，The ingredient flat -footing of the Xingan Oceania in Jiangxi and the flat -footed tripod of the Zhengzhou Hui Food Factory is basically the same，Zeng Houyu Yuanding of Zeng Houyu, Yejiashan, Suizhou, Hubei is basically the same。

other，Although many southern bronze wares have made local transformations of the form of the Central Plains bronze wares，But its overall form、Decoration style obviously imitates from the Central Plains bronze。For example，Copper of Sanxingdui No. 2 pit，Straight and Deep，Nearly bucket，Is the transformation of the Central Plains Copper，But its straight neck、Shoulder、The characteristics of short -circle feet inherit the Central Plains Copper。Another example，Dahe Fang Ding, Ningxiang, Hunan，The noodle pattern decorated with the four sides of the belly on the abdomen is different from the style of the Central Plains pattern，bet365 best casino games But its square ears、The abdomen is rectangular、The shape of the four -pillar foot in the lower four -pillar foot belongs to the typical Yin Ruine style。

In short，Southern bronze civilization enriches the basic form of Chinese bronze civilization，Improving the technical level and artistic achievements of Chinese bronze civilization，It is a gorgeous chapter in the history of bronze civilization in China and the world，left many precious cultural heritage for humans。At the same time, you should also see，Southern bronze civilization is the product of the influence of the Central Plains bronze civilization，Central Plains bronze civilization in utensil category、Styling Decoration、Examples and casting processes have had an important impact on southern bronze civilization。Southern bronze civilization while creating its own brilliant achievements，It also shows the diverse pattern of Chinese bronze civilization。

　　(This article is the Study Research Research on the National Social Science Foundation Project "Ancient Chinese Bronze Inspection" (19xkg009) phased results)

(The author is a young researcher at the China Bronze Culture Research Center of Shaanxi Normal University; professor at the School of History and Culture, Shaanxi Normal University)