European civilization in history is today's Western civilization，is one of the major civilizations in the world today。

In the past，People are accustomed to treating European civilization with classical worlds，Think that the West began in ancient Greece and Rome，"Middle Ages" is the era of sleeping、Dark Age，until the Renaissance，Classical rationality can be restored。In fact，European civilization creation in the Middle Ages，Is a secondary civilization，It adopts classic、Israel's、Christian's、certain elements of the Germanic，But there is essential differences with it。A variety of civilized elements melt in one furnace，Long -term painful running -in，To the mid -century，Basic breeding of the kernel prescriptions of Western civilization。It can be said，Bet365 app download Western civilization is a product of multiple civilization interaction，Not native civilization。

Each civilization has its own fundamental fundamental，European civilization is like other civilizations of human beings，Civilized kernel height stable，Similar to embryo，The author calls the civilization "Yuan Rules"。Once forming，Its prescribed specified is through time and space，Deeply restricting social trends。The external manifestation form is transformed over time and space，Sometimes it looks like evenly，However, if you look closely, you will find that each civilization retains unique original features。Therefore，Confirm the time dimension of the formation of European civilization，Actually it is a screening、The process of identifying the essential characteristics of the civilization，Is the prerequisite for the study of European civilization。

It is believed that Europe continues ancient Greek Roman civilization clothing，Although the "Medieval" of the thousand -year -old foolish "medieval"，still cannot stop the return of classical glory，The originator of this discourse system is the Western "humanist"。Humanists in Renaissance borrowed their strengths，Unexpectedly, it is mixed with western civilization with classical civilization，As Russell said，They are just trying to suppress the prestige bet365 Play online games of the church with the prestige of the classical people。but but，With Westerners' exploration of the external world、Interpretation continuously deepen，Cognition of its own civilization also changes，Gradually realize that Bet365 app download Western civilization is different from classical civilization，It has its own growth trajectory，This is the 19th century at this time。The words of the Renaissance high -profile high -profile for hundreds of years，great misleading to the West itself and the global academic community，China Historically, it is also difficult to avoid。The 1930s，Chinese scholar Mr. Lei Haizong will probably capture relevant information，Once a lonely voices: Own Culture started from the 5th century AD, starting to today，It is "New Emerging Culture of Hero internal Proton in Hero"。Unfortunately，This view rarely attracts people's attention。

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Fran? 觭 OIS Pierre Guillaume Guizot，It is an early representative of the traditional point of view。Kezo is a famous French historian and politician，He clearly distinguishes European civilization and classical civilization，Corresponding analysis。Kizo found that European civilization has a "unique appearance"，Different from classical civilization，Also different from other civilizations in the world。He thinks，There is an obvious single nature in most ancient civilizations，For example, in ancient Greece，The single nature of social principles leads to a rapid and amazing development。"But after this amazing take -off，Greece seems to be exhausted suddenly。"" Egypt and India are the same。Diversity in Europe，Various forces are in a state of continuous struggle，Bring development opportunities for Europe。Hegel et al.，Also expressed similar perspectives。Hegel divides the world into three civilizations，Asia's (East)、Ancient Greek Rome and the Germanic，The latter obviously refers to Western civilization starting in the Middle Ages。

Historical cognition that distinguished western civilization and classical civilization，The earliest scholars who introduced the field of career history，Dangsins and Tangyinbi。Where to be there，He believes that there are eight types of civilizations in the history of the world，Among them, "classical civilization" Bet365 app download and "Western civilization" are unique、Equivalence、Self -standard，There are their own life cycles。"Bet365 app download Western civilization is the youngest civilization。"This point of view is also reflected in Tangyinbi's" History Research "，Tang Yinby pointed out，Ancient Greek Roman civilization is undoubtedly over，replaced by two successors，One is Western civilization，The other is Byzantine Civilization。

After the middle of the 20th century，Western civilization began in the Middle Ages to get more recognition。A batch of historical textbooks rewrite history，or systematically restore the historical appearance of early European civilization。The world -renowned French historian Brostel's "History of Civilization" is one of the masterpieces。The book thinks，European civilization develops formed in the 5-13 century。feudalism (Feudalism) created Europe。11th and 12th century，Under the rule of the feudal dynasty，Europe reached its first adolescence、The first dynamic stage。This feudal rule is a special and very original politics、Social and economic order，Belly on a civilized civilization that has been fermented for the second or third fermentation。The textbook edited by the American historian Charlie Holyst，Repeatedly reprinted over the years，GM's general teaching materials for hundreds of universities in the United States。The opening title of the textbook is "The Birth of Europe，500-1000 years "。The author thinks，European civilization and ancient Greek Roman civilization have "relative relationships"，However, it is a "very different" civilization。Harold J. Berman, a professor at Harvard University, pointed out，People are accustomed to seeing the western world and the classical world as a one -pulled civilization.，Different from Israel、Ancient Greek and ancient Roman civilization。They are different qualitative civilizations。

Contemporary Scholar Huntington explicitly pointed out，With the collapse of the Roman Empire，Classical civilization "no longer exists"，Like the Mesopotic civilization、Ancient Egyptian civilization、Crete civilization、Byzantine Civilization、Central America Civilization、Andes civilization and other civilizations will no longer exist。He thinks，Bet365 app download Western civilization is a secondary civilization formed in the 8th and 9th centuries。

　European civilization is created by the Western European ethnic groups

Ancient Greek Roman civilization and European civilization are different individuals，However, it is not related to them，The question is that people ignore the subjectivity of people，underestimated the contribution of the Middle Ages，underestimated the contribution of the Germans，confuses the difference between the quality between the two civilizations。The fact is，Bet365 app download Western civilization is created by Western European ethnic groups in the Middle Ages，They absorb and transform different civilizations and different elements in different periods.，to create a unique、Civilization with distinct personality。

Berman pointed out，Ilasmo is an important representative of the Renaissance，Polona University is the source of the Roman French rejuvenation，However, Ilasmo is not the ancient Greek，Roman jurists at the University of Polona are not ancient Romans，That is to say，The West is not a Roman but created by the Western European ethnic groups。In fact，The Roman civilization had replaced the barbaric civilization before its demise。Highly developed、The extremely delicate Roman legal system is very different from the Germanic folklore law，Before the death of the Roman Empire，Roman civilization has been by the Gothic in the west、Frankman、Saxon people and other Germans' primitive tribe civilizations replaced。I think I think，With the change of the subject of civilization，A series of major events promoted by the Western European barbarians，It is impossible to happen in the classical era: such as the European feudal system with contract factors，The Pope Revolution that obtained the "separation of politics and education"，Establishing the parliamentary system of the representative system，and the rise of "third level", etc.，All have epoch -making significance。In fact，There are completely different traditional Germans，After entering the ruins of the Roman Empire into the main Europe，European's political destiny is always transferred to the Hander's hand。

Classical World is outstanding。Athens undoubtedly created the pioneering of most people's masters，But you should also see clearly，Athens Democracy has a tendency to use the widow，bet365 live casino games There is obvious identity mark。Deepen the Middle Ages and Classical Civilization，I will find that the two have very different temperament in many aspects，Regardless of people's psychology of the country and power，Attitude to supernatural power，Still social organization method, etc.，Both eyes are all。Speaking of which，There is no individual independence in the classical era，No trajectory of personal rights growth，Individuals in the city -state，Finally merged into the empire system。So Henry Sumner Maine said，"Ancient Laws" almost completely unknown "Personal"，It is not concerned about personal but family，Not a separate person but a group。

Roman Fa Fenova appeared in the 12th century，It's just to provide some "concepts" and "paradigm" for European law，The latter has changed the temperament after transformation，Relotent Roman Fa Fuxing，might as well be reconstructed，It is considered that "the same guidelines have very different meanings"。Church jurists are keen to interpret the basic elements of the valuable Roman law，On the surface, they are constantly analyzing and verifying Roman law，In fact, in the constant input of social consensus at that time，Express a new opinion。The concept of "rights" in the original Roman law is versatile and confused，and in the field of private law，Medieval jurists reinterpret and transform the concept of "rights" of Roman France，Gradually show the concept of natural rights，Forms a very systematic right to discourse and its context，provides basic elements for the construction of a framework of the European civilization，known as the "semantic revolution"。Obviously a certain connection in European civilization and classical civilization，However, it is not an orderly inheritance process，Instead, there is a selection process，They are different qualitative civilizations。

Classical civilization reached a considerable height in the ancient times，But in the end it is still the same as other civilizations，Failure to get rid of the destination of the strong dynasty and the empire。Classical civilization is relative，But after all, it is not European civilization。

　　Europeans identityA dimension with European Civilized Space

According to the famous historian Friedrich Hill, the famous historian bet365 best casino games of Austria，The term "Europe" was first seen in the late period of the Roman Empire，At first it was only used to show a difference。Roman historian Kasushi observed in 199，In the army of the Roman Emperor，"The‘ Europa ’from the West of the Empire is significantly different from the‘ Syrian ’in the East。Even until the beginning of the 5th century，"The History of Augustus" also alternates the two words of "Europa" and "Europa Army"。At that time，The meaning of "Europa"，refers to the solid political structure of the army and the society where the army and these people are located，The state of spokes and uncertainty of the ethnic characteristics of the "Syrian" national characteristics。This is the earliest document record that "Europe" can be found。

With the invasion of barbarians，A series of barbarians kingdoms appeared one after another，Frank is the main representative of the barbarian kingdom。The Gallon dynasty began to formally use the concept of "Europe"。Brlo Eya thinks，751 The Garloin Dynasty established by the Frank Kingdom was the first "Europe"，Mark "Europa，The rule of the Gallolin dynasty "(EUROPA，Vel Regnum Caroli)。Famous ruler of the Gallon Dynasty Emperor Charles，It is praised by the later court poet as "the father of Europe"。Europeans gradually have a unified identity consciousness，It is 1,000 years later。With Christian communication and feudal promotion，"A aggregation appeared in European civilization and culture。"" "Moral、The value of religion and culture，and war、Love、Guidelines for Life and Death，It is exactly the same in various places，From one picking to the other to another，No matter what kind of disputes appeared there、rebellion and conflict，There is no difference ... a real single Christian nation and Christian world appeared。”

Later，The concept of "Europe" also once surfaced。but but，until the beginning of the Renaissance，The word still rarely appears in the pen of humanists。"Europe" enters all languages ​​in Europe and appears more frequently，is the 15-16 century.。

Spatial dimension on Western civilization，There is also a complex side。Western Europe is undoubtedly the core area of ​​European civilization，Geography and culture are overlapping，Southern Europe、China Europe and Nordic are Bet365 app download also general。But，Some Eastern European countries and Russia，Although it is located in Europe, it is not considered a European country in this sense。Western European are also like this，Such as Spain's rule by Muslims for nearly 8 centuries，During this period, the Muslim rulers of Spain never consider themselves to be Europeans，The outside world doesn’t think they are Europeans。In this sense，The so -called Europe，Basically in the cultural sense, Europe，It has become more obvious since modern times。"Big Navigation" later，Countries established overseas in Europe，such as the United States、Canada、Australia and New Zealand are still considered Western countries，Even away from Europe。

　(Author Unit: The Institute of European Civilization, Tianjin Normal University)