European bet365 score in history is today’s Western bet365 score，Is one of the major civilizations in the world today。

Previous，People tend to regard European bet365 score and the classical world as one，Believe that the West began in ancient Greece and Rome，The "Middle Ages" is a sleeping era、Dark Ages，Until the Renaissance，Only then can classical rationality be restored。In fact，European bet365 score was created in the Middle Ages，It is a secondary bet365 score，It adopts classical、Israeli、Christian、Some elements of Germanic，But there is an essential difference from it。Multiple bet365 score elements melted into one pot，After a long period of painful adjustment，To the middle ages，The core of Western bet365 score has basically taken shape。It can be said，Western bet365 score is the product of the interaction of multiple civilizations，Not a native bet365 score。

Every bet365 score has its unchanging fundamentals，European bet365 score is like other human civilizations，The core of bet365 score is highly stable，similar to germs，The author calls it the “meta-rules” of bet365 score。Once formed，Its stipulation transcends time and space，Profoundly restricts the direction of society。The external manifestation changes with time and space，Sometimes it even looks unrecognizable，However, if you look closely, you will find that each bet365 score retains its unique original characteristics。Therefore，Confirm the time dimension of the formation of European bet365 score，Actually screening、The process of identifying the essential characteristics of the bet365 score，It is the premise for the study of European bet365 score。

Believes that Europe continues the legacy of ancient Greek and Roman bet365 score，Despite thousands of years of ignorance in the "Middle Ages"，Still cannot prevent the return of classical glory，The originator of this discourse system is the Western “humanist”。Renaissance humanists took advantage of this trend，Unintentionally confusing Western bet365 score with classical bet365 score，As Russell said，They are just trying to use the prestige of the classical people to suppress the prestige of the church。However，As Westerners explore the outside world、The interpretation continues to deepen，The understanding of one’s own bet365 score has also changed，Gradually realize that Western bet365 score is different from classical bet365 score，It has its own growth trajectory，This is the 19th century。The discourse of the Renaissance lasted for hundreds of years，It has greatly misled the West itself and the global academic community，Chinese historians are not immune either。1930s，Chinese scholar Mr. Lei Haizong probably captured the relevant information，Once issued a lonely cry: European and Western culture from its incubation period in the 5th century AD to today，It is "a new emerging culture with a heroic appearance and a completely new inner quality"。What a pity，This view rarely attracts attention。

　When did European bet365 score begin

Guizot (Fran who was active in the mid-19th century?觭ois Pierre Guillaume Guizot），Is an early representative of challenging traditional views。Guizot is a famous French historian and political figure，He clearly distinguished between European bet365 score and classical bet365 score，And made corresponding analysis。Guizot discovered that European bet365 score has a "unique look"，Different from classical bet365 score，It is also different from other civilizations in the world。He thinks，There is a distinct oneness in most ancient civilizations，For example in ancient Greece，The unity of social principles led to a rapid and astonishing development。“But after this amazing take-off，Greece seems to be suddenly exhausted。”The same goes for Egypt and India。Diversity exists in Europe，Various forces are in a state of constant struggle，Bringing development opportunities to Europe。Hegel and others around the same time，Also expressed similar views。Hegel divided the world into three civilizations，Asiatic (Eastern)、Ancient Greece, Rome and Germanic，The latter obviously refers to Western bet365 score starting in the Middle Ages。

　Historical understanding that distinguishes Western bet365 score from classical bet365 score，The earliest scholar to introduce the field of professional history，Definitely Spengler and Toynbee。At Spengler，He believes that there are eight main civilizations in world history，Among them, “classical bet365 score” and “Western bet365 score” are both unique、equivalent、Self-centered，All have their own life cycles。“Western bet365 score is the youngest bet365 score。"Such a view is also reflected in Toynbee's "Historical Studies"，Toynbee pointed out，Ancient Greek and Roman bet365 score is undoubtedly over，Replaced by two successors，One is Western bet365 score，The other is the Byzantine bet365 score。

After the middle of the 20th century，The view that Western bet365 score began in the Middle Ages is more recognized。A batch of history textbooks rewrote history，In other words, it systematically restored the original historical appearance of early European bet365 score。The "Outline of the History of bet365 score" by the world-renowned French historian Braudel is one of his representative works。The book believes，The development of European bet365 score took shape from the 5th to the 13th centuries。Feudalism built Europe。11th and 12th centuries，Under the rule of the feudal dynasty，Europe reaches its first adolescence、The first dynamic stage。This kind of feudal rule is a special and very original politics、Social and economic order，Built on a bet365 score that has gone through its second or third fermentation。Textbook edited by American historian Charlie Hollister，Reprinted over the years，Become a common textbook in hundreds of universities in the United States。The opening title of this textbook is "The Birth of Europe，500—1000 years”。The author thinks，European bet365 score has a "kinship" with ancient Greek and Roman bet365 score，However, it is a "very different" bet365 score。Harold J., professor at Harvard University. Berman) pointed out，People usually regard the Western world and the classical world as civilizations of the same origin, which is actually a misunderstanding: the West as a historical culture and a bet365 score is not only different from the East，And different from Israel、Civilizations such as ancient Greece and Rome。They are different civilizations。

Contemporary scholar Huntington pointed out clearly，With the collapse of the Roman Empire，Classical bet365 score “no longer exists”，Like Mesopotamian bet365 score、Ancient Egyptian bet365 score、Cretan bet365 score、Byzantine bet365 score、Mesoamerican bet365 score、Andean bet365 score and other civilizations no longer exist。He thinks，Western bet365 score is a secondary bet365 score that took shape in the 8th and 9th centuries。

　European bet365 score was created by the nations of Western Europe

Ancient Greek and Roman bet365 score and European bet365 score are different entities，However, there is no relationship between them，The problem is that people ignore human subjectivity，Underestimating the contribution of the Middle Ages，Underestimating the contribution of the Germans，Confusing the qualitative difference between the two civilizations。The truth is，Western bet365 score was created by the nations of Western Europe in the Middle Ages，They absorb and transform different elements from different civilizations and different periods for their own use，Thereby creating a unique、bet365 score with distinctive personality。

Berman pointed out，Erasmus is an important representative figure of the Renaissance，The University of Bologna is the source of the revival of Roman law in the Middle Ages，However, Erasmus was not an ancient Greek，The Roman jurists at the University of Bologna are not ancient Romans either，In other words，The West was not created by the Romans but by the nations of Western Europe。In fact，Roman bet365 score had been replaced by barbarian bet365 score before the fall of its empire。Highly developed、The extremely sophisticated Roman legal system was very different from the Germanic folk law，Long before the fall of the Roman Empire，Roman bet365 score has been destroyed by the Goths in the west、Franks、Replaced by the primitive tribal civilizations of the Saxons and other Germanic peoples。The author thinks，With the change of the main body of bet365 score，A series of major events driven by barbarians in Western Europe，These are all impossible to happen in the classical era: such as the establishment of European feudalism that contains contractual elements，The papal revolution that gained the “consciousness of separation of church and state”，The establishment of a representative parliamentary system，And the rise of the "Third Estate", etc.，All have epoch-making significance。In fact，Germanic people with completely different traditions，After conquering Europe through the ruins of the Roman Empire，Europe’s political destiny has been transferred forever to the hands of the Germans。

The classical world is outstanding。Athens undoubtedly pioneered majority democracy，But it should also be clearly seen，Athenian democracy has the tendency of overwhelming the minority，Obvious identity mark。In-depth understanding of medieval and classical bet365 score，You will find that the two have very different temperaments in many aspects，Regardless of people’s psychology towards the country and power，Attitudes towards supernatural forces，Or social organization methods, etc.，Everywhere you look。In the final analysis，There was no individual independence in classical times，Can’t see the growth trajectory of personal rights，Individuals are integrated into the city-state，Finally integrated into the imperial system。So Henry Sumner Maine said，“Ancient Law” is almost completely ignorant of “individuals”，What it cares about is not individuals but families，Not an individual person but a group。

The revival of Roman law in the 12th century，It is just to provide some "concepts" and "paradigms" for European law，The latter’s temperament has changed drastically after being transformed，Not so much the revival of Roman law，It’s better to say reinvention，Considered that “the same criteria have very different meanings”。Canonists are keen to interpret the valuable basic elements of Roman law，On the surface, they are constantly analyzing and examining Roman law，In fact, we are constantly inputting the social consensus at that time，Express a new perspective。The concept of “rights” in the original Roman law was ambiguous and ambiguous，And limited to the field of private law，Reinterpretation and transformation of the concept of “rights” in Roman law by medieval jurists，Gradually manifest the concept of natural rights，Form a systematic rights discourse and its context，Provides basic elements for constructing the framework of European bet365 score，Referred to as the “semantic revolution”。Obviously there is some connection between European bet365 score and classical bet365 score，However, it is not an orderly inheritance process，But a selective adoption process，They are different civilizations。

Classical bet365 score reached considerable heights in ancient human times，But in the end it is the same as other civilizations，Failed to get rid of the pursuit of a powerful dynasty and empire。Classical bet365 score is a relative，But it is not European bet365 score after all。

　　European identityWith the spatial dimension of European bet365 score

According to the research bet365 score famous Austrian historian Friedrich Hill，The term "Europe" was first used in the late Roman Empire，At first it was just used to indicate a difference。The Roman historian Cassius observed in 199，In the Roman Emperor's Army，"The 'Europeans' from the west bet365 score empire were significantly different from the 'Syrians' from the east"。Even until the beginning bet365 score 5th century，The "History of Augustus" also uses the terms "Europeans" and "European armies" interchangeably。At that time，The meaning of "Europa"，Refers to the military and the solid political structure bet365 score society in which these people live，Compared to the state of convergence and uncertainty bet365 score national characteristics of "Syria"。This is the earliest documented record bet365 score word "Europe" that can be found。

With the barbarian invasion，A series of barbarian kingdoms appeared，Frank is the main representative of the barbarian kingdom。The Carolingian Dynasty began to officially use the concept of "Europe"。Braudel thinks，The Carolingian Dynasty established by the Frankish Kingdom in 751 was the first "Europe"，Tagged "Europa，The Carolingian Rule” (Europa，vel regnum Caroli）。Charlemagne, the famous ruler of the Carolingian dynasty，Praised as the "Father of Europe" (pater Europae) by later court poets。Europeans are gradually developing a unified sense of identity，It will be 1000 years later。With the spread of Christianity and the promotion of feudalism，“A convergence emerged in European bet365 score and culture。”“moral、The value of religion and culture，And war、Love、Principles of life and death，It’s the same everywhere，From one fief to another，No matter what kind of dispute there is、Rebellion and Conflict，There is no difference...a true single Christian nation and Christendom emerged。”

Later，The concept of "Europe" also surfaced for a time。However，Until the early Renaissance，This word is still rarely used in the writings of humanists。The word "Europe" has entered all European languages ​​and appears more frequently，It was a matter bet365 score 15th-16th centuries。

About the spatial dimension of Western bet365 score，There is also a side of complexity。Western Europe is undoubtedly the core region of European bet365 score，Geography and culture overlap，Southern Europe、The same is true for Central and Northern Europe。However，Some Eastern European countries and Russia，Although it is located in Europe, it is not considered a European country in this sense。This is also the case in some areas of Western Europe，Such as Spain was ruled by Muslims for nearly 8 centuries，The Muslim rulers of Spain during this period never considered themselves Europeans，The outside world doesn’t think they are Europeans either。In this sense，So-called Europe，Basically Europe in the cultural sense，It has become more obvious in modern times。After the "Great Voyage"，Country established overseas by European immigrants，such as the United States、Canada、Australia and New Zealand are still considered Western countries，Even far away from mainland Europe。

　(Author’s unit: Institute of European bet365 score, Tianjin Normal University)