Ancient Chinese society mainly relied on letters to conduct long -distance communication，These letters are usually called "books" or "ruler"。Late Ming Dynasty，Literature and interviews are particularly frequent，A large number of letters compile and publish，The general collection of the evening book letter that has been circulated to this day、Do not set、There are as many as a thousand kinds of ink documents。These documents except literature、In addition to artistic value，There are important historical values。The study of daily life history in the historical world can fully interpret us to provide us with a useful perspective。

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What did you write in the letter of the late Ming literati? Many candidates at that time tried to classify the letter。From the perspective of daily life history，These diverse classifications just summarize various fields that the letter can play a role，Also outlines the cognitive boundary of the late Ming literati to the world of daily life。summary，The daily life written in the letter of the literati letter of the late Ming Dynasty is mainly reflected in the following four aspects。

One is clothing、Food、Living、Maternal life with the main material。Letter often comes with a very thoughtful follow -up gift，Gifts and letter language formed a fun and interconnected text，presents the colorful material and cultural life of late Ming Dynasty。Ru Feng Mengzheng、Tu Long、Li Rihua、Zhang Ye and other literati letters，You can often see all kinds of gifts、Seeking、Thanksgiving activity，Most of the people circulating are antiques (such as Hansing)、Fresh (such as 岕 岕) and strange goods (such as jade beef)，There are also local specialties、cloth、clothing, etc.。Various letters such as "Ancient and Modern Zhenya Clouds" bet365 best casino games and "Ruxia Pisces"，also more "gift category"，There is a gift for grant、Flower、Stationery、Antique essays，For readers to imitate，Visible atmosphere of courtesy。Behind the exchanges of gifts，Realistic purpose such as Tenth to Tuban，This revealed late Ming literati communication network is worthy of in -depth research。I also wrote the living environment of the late Ming literati in the letter，Reflect that their habits and differences between the rich and the poor，As Yuan Hongdao likes "fragrant and pure" building，Tang Xianzu has the southern complex of "must not north"。

Second, leisure life based on reading and discussion。Letter display，The daily reading of the late literati is "miscellaneous" -、Legend Novel，Reading everything，and they also actively copy it、Published。If in Yuan Hongdao's letter，We can see that he borrowed "Jin Ping Mei" from Dong Qichang，He praised this book，Think that the "Seven Times" that is better than the multiplication ("Jinfan Collection" Volume 4 "Dong Sibai");，Why not see it? "(" Unprocessed Draft "Volume 3" and Xie Zaihang ") An even in thousands of books left by Qi Biaojia，There are more than a hundred throughout talks about opera，Reflects his collection of opera literature、copy、collation and collection，"Yuanshan Hall Qu" and "Yuanshan Hall Drama" behind the painstaking loneliness leap on paper。The letter also provides a stylistic asylum for the free expression of the late literati，The literati discusses current affairs in the letter、Zang No character。Ru Tang Xianzu's sarcasm words，It reflects its proud and independent style。

Third, the emotional life centered on family and social relations。The complaint between the couple implies the transition from the traditional ethics of "husband as a wife" to the relationship between equality and partnership.，Such as Qi Biaojia and Shang Jinglan Couple，Can be called a model of the eyebrows in reality。Boy bet365 Play online games Pavilion Shinwan expressed the main demand of women，"Feng Yun Love Letter" compiled by Deng Zhimo，Volume a volume of "Family Love Letter"，to promote "good couple love"。The relationship between father and son in the family book has an equal dialogue and self -confession，Ru Zhuang Yuanchen's Family Book，See the affection of father and son in the trivial affairs。Outside the family，Fasting letter in the love room openly published，Love Letter can be copied、imitation template，Circle in society、Reading，If the copy of the letter from Wang Yideng and Ma Xianglan，Become a temporary literary style。in Wu Lun，Friends are mentioned an important status，Ru Li、Public Security Sanyuan、Tang Xianzu and other "with friends as life"。

Four is life、Old、Disease、Deadly life cycle。Well Ming literati pay close attention to physical changes，Care about the disease、Aging and Death。They record the disease experience and medical process in the letter，Exchange health experience。Such as Feng Mengzhang's "Kuai Xue Tang You"，Can be called a "medical record book"。Another example is in "The Complete Works of Liu Zongzhou" and "Zhu Zi Restaurant"，Included more than 20 letters of Liu Zongzhou and Zhu Yuan's teachers and students to discuss the treatment of diseases and medication，Is a detailed "diagnosis and treatment record"，Among them, medical methods that emphasize physical and mental treatment are quite inspiring。Witness death，Death to death，adding sad and lonely atmosphere to the letters of late Ming literati。Public Security Sanyuan inherited the family inheritance of weak constitution，As a result, they are particularly sensitive to diseases and deaths，Especially in Yuan Zhongdao's letter，The shadow of the death of relatives and friends everywhere and lonely lonely。At the time of Yi Dai，Facing life and death choices，Zodiac、Hou Qi Zeng、The letters of Qi Biaojia and others have shown the righteousness of the scholars。

　　Writing strategy and the mentality of taxis 

What is accompanied by "what to write" is the question of "how to write" and "why writing so"，That is the writing strategy of the letter of the literati and the literati behind it。For these two questions，can be discussed separately from the following three aspects。

First，The material writing of the text of the literati literati is very frequent，Behind it is a deep reflection on the relationship between things and my relationship。On the one hand, they focus on discovering the cultural connotation behind the material，On the other hand, pay attention to material and situation at that time、Special associated by myself。Material represents not only love and mind，It is also fun、Lifetime and identity consciousness。The indulgence of the object and the transcendence of the object are often only one step away，Send it with things，It is the general value orientation of literati literati。They refuse to reject the substance in the right place，It is not eager to be enthusiastic about material，Instead, the obstacles to break the removal in the surround of objects。Such as Yuan Hongdao's writing about "Five Knowledge" ("Jinfan Collection" Volume 3 "Mr. Gong Weichang")，In fact, it is the border of the question，Discussion My relationship，Unveiled the nothingness of the between the gains and losses。Things are nothing，It is indispensable，In this sense, the saying of "people daily is the right way" and other words，Can be implemented more。Reap up the daily nature of "Tao" in the material，It is the accurate grasp of the pulse of the times in the late Ming literati。

Second，Welling literati letters as private writing，Although there are a lot of true words、Real words，But there are also a lot of self -performance、The ingredients of the virtual and the snake，It is not guaranteed that everything is true。So，Often combined with literati identity，Place in a specific context to understand，Or will it with other letters、Bet365 app download Historical materials are placed together for reading，can see through the real intention covered by text。Especially when it is involved in public events，Most literati receives personal position、Preferences and other influences，Explain from your own perspective。For example, about the death of Li Yan，The literati at that time was different，Which statement is closer to the truth，This is a more complicated question，Need to carefully screen，strive to move from private interpretation to public interpretation。other，In the letter of the late Ming literati，There is a type of letter to be confidential，The writer tells "the Secret" and "I have seen the fire" at the end，can be due to various reasons，These letters have been completely preserved，Some are also engraved with the literati collection。Through these letters，We can find the unpredictable political situation in the late Ming Dynasty、Hidden slightly tortuous literati mentality，or the lack of history。

Third，Well Ming literati letter is full of opposition、A contradictional expression method，This reflects the universal anxiety mentality of late Ming literati。When facing material life，They can neither get rid of the entanglement of desire，Also eager to achieve the realm that is not for physical service，Swing back and forth between metaphysical and metaphysics。So，When Tang Xianzu was dissatisfied with the officialdom, he went away，In the letter, I feel "resign and poverty" ("Yu Yantang Ghost" Volume 3 "Answer Shanyin King Suidong")。But，His so -called "poverty"，It's not poor as washing，It's just a rhetoric。When facing text entertainment，The literati people call hard，Writing an article on the one hand，Because this entertainment is the way of the existence of late literati。Although there are also many masterpieces in it，But the frequency of entertainment articles，seriously affects the style and level of the daily creation of late literati。When faced with bet365 Play online games the signs and return，Late Ming literati longing for landscapes，The temptation of power can not be put down，To the "official hidden" story that imitates the predecessors，The self -deprecation of the sidelines is not available。When facing the ultimate meaning of life，Late Ming literati is also very contradictory，Wandering between the world and transcendence。This is the style of the late Ming literati，In their hearts，Contradiction、tangled、Anxious emotion is lingering。

　　The value of the letter of the literati literati 

On the basis of clarifying what "write" and "how to write"，The unique price of the text of the late literati is worth presenting。It can be said，Late Ming literati letter is a mirror in the late Ming society，It is understanding the social politics of the late Ming Dynasty、Economy、Important clues of culture。Each individual activity，All with the country、There is all thousands of contacts in society，Private discourse is always affected by social public discourse。At the same time，Social public discourse is also a reflection of public opinion of countless private discourse。Letter as an important form of private discourse，Reflected the country、Interactive relationship between society and individuals in the field of daily life。Comparison of the letter from the late Ming literati and other historical materials of the late Ming Dynasty，We can appreciate the penetration of public discourse on private discourse，You can also clearly see the trajectory from private discourse to public interpretation。The transmission of the letter between two people，The true feelings of private discourse，is the shadow projected in individual life in the big era;，It marks it from the private field to public space，Intervention of public opinion，An important source of becoming a public interpretation。So，Explore the letter of the late Ming literati "What did you write", of course important，but more importantly, inquiry "how to write" and "Why write this"，Describes Bet365 lotto review history with this、Understand the mentality of the taxi at the time。

In short，Letter as a model of private writing in the daily life of late Ming literati，Comprehensively showing the material life and spiritual world of late Ming literati。Study from the historical field of daily life to study late Ming literati letters，Is the full use of the body and style of the letter，It is a kind of "Ancient Literature Research on the History of Life and the History of the Soul" (Liao Kebin)。Once，Letter accompanies the life course of the late Ming literati，Write the magnificent life scroll。Now，People use the letter of letter，Explore the daily life of the late Ming literati，Pursuit of the pursuit of contemporary daily life and life value。

　　(Author Unit: School of Literature and News of Sichuan University)