In the book "European Literature and Latin Middle Ages"，German Roman writer Ernst Robert Curtius roughly sorted out how the "theater metaphors" sneaked into the literary creation after the Renaissance from the Renaissance from the ancient religious and philosophy of religion and philosophy.，and attracted the attention of later generations to the concern of this issue。The so -called theater metaphor，is to compare the world into the theater，Merivated life into a show。This metaphor is briefly expressed in the THEATRUM MUNDI，That is "World Stage"。Of course，This can also have different forms of expression，It is said that Latin Mundus Agit Histrionem，means "the whole world is a theater"。

Just as Koltius proposed，Theater metaphor originated from ancient Greece，2423_2438，In the late Middle Ages, it accompanied the prosperity of the drama again，To the Renaissance, it can be seen everywhere，Becoming the old students at that time and even torrents。but but，Kurgius just clarifies the development context of theater metaphors，I did not discuss too much metaphors popular during the Renaissance。We might as well follow Kuryius's logic，A supplementary description of the theater metaphors in this period。

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Wish to know，The most famous expression of the theater metaphorical metaphor during the Renaissance appeared in Shakespeare's "Happy Journal"。In the seventh scene of acting in this drama，The Duke of the Person in the play mentioned the "Stage of the Universe"，Then Jequers made a famous remark: "The world is a stage，All men and women are just some actors; they have time to end，There are also time to play。"" In addition to "All Happy"，Shakespeare has directly referred to the theater's metaphors in the theater in the dramas such as "Macbeth" and "Venice Merchant"。Macbeth realizes the vain of life after failure: "Life is just a walking shadow，A poor man who pointed at the stage on the stage，For a moment，Just retreat in silence。"Antonio in bet365 Play online games the" Venice Merchant "said:" I regard this world but only a world，Everyone must play a role on this stage，I play a sad role。”

Cevanteus, another representative character of the Renaissance Literature, also explicitly mentioned the theater metaphor。Chapter 12 of "Don Quixote" Chapter 12，Don Quixote talked about the "big stage of life" to the servant Sangqiu: "This is the case on the stage of life"，"Someone is an emperor，Someone is a big bishop，In short，The characters in the play are all available。It's enough for this life，Life is end，The show is finished。Death stripping everyone to play a variety of roles，Everyone entered the grave，It's all the same "again"。The interesting thing is，Sangqiu's reaction after hearing intriguing: "This is wonderful"，"But，This statement is not fresh，I have heard many times "。

Except these two great writers，Other writers from other Renaissance often mention the theater metaphor。Desiderius Erasmus mentioned in "A Fool" many times that the world is a metaphor for the stage，As "life is just another comedy，Before returning to the dressing room，We are just playing a role with another person's mask，The same actor can also wear a set of clothes to become the king，You can also change your clothes to become a beggar。Therefore，Everything appears in the form of camouflage，Otherwise, the drama cannot be performed "。At the end of the 16th century，Edmund Spenser, the British poet, mentioned in the 54th first of the "Love Singing": "We perform in the stage of this world，My love person is a audience sitting，Watch my performance in the field。”

Enter the 17th century，The most prosperous Britain and Spain in the drama performance，Theater metaphor is especially common。British playwright John Webster (John Webster) comes in the first scene of the first scene of the comedy "Xiangbei", which co -authored by people around 1605: "The world is a stage，We borrow various strange images from it: Today we are honest，Tomorrow will become a rogue。"The heroine of his other drama" Duke of Malfie "also mentioned in the first scene of Act 4:" I see this world as a boring theater，Because the role I play in it is not my wish。"" 1612，British drama Bet365 lotto review writer Thomas Heywood mentioned in "Defense for the Actor": "The world is a theater，The earth is the stage ... Who denies the existence of this theater，It is equivalent to denying my entire world。"" THOMAS Middleton) in 1624, Thomas Middleton, mentioned the third scene of the fifth scene of "Chess": "The world is a stage，All characters are performed above。"" In the preface of another drama "Devil Controversy"，Midelton mentioned again: "This big universe，This great world，It's just a stage，Everyone must play their own role。""，Ben Jonson, who was named with Shakespeare at the time, mentioned in the drama "New Inn" in 1629: "I imagine the whole world as a play: Country，All people and things，All stages of life，All are staged a new scene; come in，Go out，Change，Disappearing。"" Around 1635，Spanish drama writer Pedro Calderón de La Barca created a religious mysterious drama called "World Stage"，Expressing the following theme: Human beings must play a role in the world，Use your own free will to choose，Therefore, receiving rewards or punishment after death。

　The origin and flow of theater metaphor

It is not difficult to find，In such a rich discussion about theater，Some writers emphasize the nothingness of life，Some focuses on the change of life characters，Another clearly proposed that life is a comedy。The theater metaphors in the literature during the Renaissance period are popular and the connotation is so rich，It has a great relationship with the reconstruction of the theater metaphorical metaphors。In ancient and medieval，Although the theater metaphor has been mentioned by many people，But people understand this metaphor from a pessimistic perspective。This view was concentrated in John of Salisbury, a medieval Christian teacher Salisbury。From John's view，The world is a stage、Life is the metaphor of field dramas to confirm the tragedy tone of life，is the hypocrisy of people、Unavoidable for vanity and death。Of course, this is of course implicit theological hints in the theater metaphor and the tradition of the ideological tradition of "degrading the present" in the medieval century。

Since the world is a stage，Life is a play，Then bet365 Play online games there should be a tragedy and comedy，The joy of life should also be the deserved meaning。At the Renaissance，With the rise of humanism，It began to understand the theater metaphor from this angle。15th Century，Italian thinker Marsilio Ficino changed the emphasis on Aristotle in the late Middle Ages' philosophy of the Medieval Institute，To a large extent, Platoism is revived。Fitchino's interpretation of the theater metaphorical metaphors, although the religious settings of life's nihnnomy，But it is obvious that John in Solzburi is much optimistic，He emphasizes good returns and people’s secondary divine nature。Therefore，For Fergino，Life is not only a play (drama)，It is also a play (ludus，Game)，So life can be tragedy (traggia)，Can also be comedy (Comoedia)。

So，After Fergino，Gaming to become a new layer of connotation of theater metaphor。Because people have a certain division，One of the purposes of God created man is to provide recreation and performance for yourself。This kind of thought was carried forward by the Spanish humanist Juan-LUIS VIVES。In a booklet，Vevez wrote such a story:

One day before，After Juno held a luxurious birthday banquet for the gods ... Junno urged his brother and husband Jaquatt to create an open -air theater according to the general drama style，and bring a new actor to perform ... So with Jupiter's order，The whole world suddenly appeared ... This is the open -air theater: the highest height is the throne of the gods in the heavenly court，At the bottom (some people say that it is the middle) The earth is the stage performed by the actors，At the same time, it also includes animals and everything else ... indeed，When the voice and instructions of Jupites and instructions conveyed to the actor，They will turn on the stage in turn，Skilled and elegant skills ... Perform tragedy、Comedy、A satirical drama、Dime、Taga and other dramas，Let the gods feel that I have never seen such a wonderful scene ... Humans are wisdom、Cute、Memory and other aspects participated in the immortal，Share so much his talent，so that it is easy to know that these talents come from Jupiter's gift。(a Fable About Man)

At the end of this story，Bet365 lotto review The gods are surprised by the ability of humans to change characters，Even found that humans can actually play God。So，Human beings are invited to the other gods to play together，Its fun。Obviously，In this story，The purpose of the person's creation is not the praise and praise of God's ability to emphasize the power of God，Instead, it has God's ability and even divine，Eventually, God is admitted or even praised by God。This kind of thought is obviously based on optimism and comedy，Therefore，This scene of life should also be a happy comedy。So far，The basic connotation of the theater metaphor has been perfected in tragedy and comedy。

　Theater metaphor at the narrative level

If we analyze this idea, we will find it，At the narrative level，Theater metaphors can be seen everywhere in the literature of the Renaissance，And can be divided into at least two levels，That is the tragedy level and comedy level。

At the tragedy level，The core connotation of the theater metaphor is，People must not only play many characters，And to play these characters properly，Do not face the truth and darkness of human nature。Understand this，We will find，Many works in the Renaissance can find a reasonable explanation from the perspective of the theater。Macbeth's tragedy is naturally that he plays a role that should not play himself，After some toss, I finally realized the nothingness of life。Hamlet's tragedy is that his self -consciousness is too strong，All the time realize that you are performing，Therefore。Hamlet and Iiag、Like Edmond in King Li Er，All are the reflexes of abnormally sober minds，But the latter two are ease in their own wicked characters，Hamlet should have the heavy burden of reorganizing and reorganizing。

From this perspective，The tragedy of the Orgoro and Romeo is similar。They all try to penetrate the soul of my loved ones，See the "substance" of the other party，Therefore, there is no room for performance and role -playing。Before encountering Juliet，Romeo has a love object named Roseline，This love is full of exaggerated comedy colors。After encountering Juliet，The love of the two is also a comedy love at first sight。But before secret marriage，The nature of this love has changed，Bet365 lotto review Therefore, Juliet said with emotion: "The richness of love is not gorgeous，No decoration of not wording，In its content and substance。"Tessidona confessed in public in public in public:" My mind is completely conquered by his noble virtue; I first know his heart，Then know his great meter; I have presented my soul and destiny to him。"This is the opposite of those love in the comedy at first sight。Pursue the mind、Soul、The essence of thoughts naturally does not allow the performers to exist，But this violates the principle of "World Stage"，No wonder Shakespeare will set such love to tragedy。

The tragedy of King Lear is similar to the previous two，But the mistake is at the level of family。In the face of Lee's family test，Kobei emphasizes his own life character，It is clearly declared that he is both a daughter and a wife，But Lee can't understand this，Ask her to be completely immersed in her daughter's character。Lelle and Kwada did not understand the principle of this "big stage in the world" at the end，Koediia insists that the real inner real is more important than the role -playing role of the words qiao，Lier moves from one extreme to another，From the beginning, I asked my daughter to play only the role of the daughter，The hypocrisy of human nature later，Face the dark depth of human nature。Because of this，Shakespeare arranged the ending of the two after victory。Therefore，The tragic aspect of analyzing the theater metaphor，"King Li" can be described as the great success of Jisha's tragedy。

At the comedy level，The core scene of the theater metaphor is a game of identity。Identity game is one of the most important plot skills in comedy，It is also a more advanced comedy skills，Various swaps that often appear in the Renaissance comedy、Female dressing men's clothing、Scene of the wrong person，All are the manifestations of identity games。If in Shakespeare's "Tame"，Drunk Hansai was tricked by the aristocracy，When I woke up, I found that my identity became a noble，A series of jokes were made up，The conversion of this role and identity often brings unexpected comedy effects。Understand this，We will also find it，In fact, many literary bet365 best casino games scenarios are related to this identity game。In a sense,，The Duke Mansion scene in the second part of "Don Quixote" also belongs to a variant of this comedy skills，Can be called a large identity game reality show。In this very long scene，Duke and Duke's Lady in order to play with Don Quixote，It is not given a new identity to Don Quixote，but just affirmed the identity of Don Quixote himself，Also achieve the purpose of taking him to play，The comedy effect is very obvious。

Renaissance，Novels and Public Reading are far from rise，Drama occupies the mainstream position in the entertainment activities of the people，The world's big stage that is closely related to the drama performance、The saying of a life in life was not surprising at the time when it became a student at that time。but but，We will find it through the above sorting and analysis，The connotation of the theater metaphor is actually very rich，far beyond its literal meaning of life like。

　　(Author is an associate professor at the School of Arts of Zhengzhou University)