Chinese and Western cultural exchanges are far away。But for a long time，When people feel the charm of Western Xue East，But often ignores the "Middle bet365 Play online games School West Biography" in the two -way civilization exchange。Actually，Once Chinese ideology and culture spread，It is favored by the Western world, especially Western thinkers。For example，Chinese classical philosophy of different genres、Tang Shi Song Ci Yuanqu and other different types of literature and art were introduced to the Western World，For the Western ideological world、A profound impact of the literary and art circles。

In recent years，More and more Chinese and foreign scholars have made a strong research purpose for the West Biography of Middle School。Scholars through research perspective through middle school western biography，Show the extensive and profound impact of Chinese culture on Europe。Mei Qianli (Law), deputy director of the Xuedong Literature Museum of Sun Yat -sen University (Law)、Liu Xiaoting, Director of the Dedlaibniz International Research Center of Beijing Normal University、Director of the Editorial Research Editorial Research Department of Shandong University Global Chinese Scholars，I accepted an interview with related topics。

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　　"China Social Sciences":The history of the West Biography of Middle School can be traced back to? What impacts have it?

　　Liu Xiaoting:When does Chinese culture be in the way to Europe，It has always been a subject that the family is diligent。According to legend, Italian travelers Marco Polo is the earliest introduction of Chinese culture to the West and the most influential one in history。According to the description of "Marco Polo Tour"，In 1271, he arrived in China in the Kublai Khan era along the ancient land Silk Road。1295，Marco Polo returns to Venice，He was captured into prison for participating in the defeat of the Maritime War。The same prison writer Rusteqian Nuo's vision in the East and China according to his orally，Write as "Marco Polo Tour"。Publishing of this book，greatly stimulated the desire of Westerners' urgency and exploring the East，The only "Guide" for Westerners to understand the East。Marco Polo's depiction of the vast area of ​​the East，Stimulate Westerners to explore the East、Find the enthusiasm of gold，It is also one of the motivations that have led to the opening of new routes in the 15th century to make geographical discovery。Western geography scientists are drawn into an early world map based on the description of Marco Polo，Make Westerners understand the East for the first time，This has promoted the docking of early civilizations of the East and West。other，Marco Polo's huge wealth about wealthy China、Fengfeng Property、Gorgeous Building、prosperous population、Enchanting politics、Enchanting politics、Developed Industry and Commerce、Convenient traffic、Pass banknotes、Drawing of the use of charcoal，Make Western people's eyes open，even enriched the theme of the Renaissance。A batch of giants during the Renaissance were exactly this affected，Such as the famous Da Vinci painting "Mona Lisa"，The main picture is a European woman，And its background is considered as a landscape painting in China; Boju's "Ten Day Talks" also has a story about "Khitan"; British literature thencestor John Pod "Oriental Intellectual" Deville) Not only did it affect huge at the time，and also affects the 19th -century Marx's political economics writing; the originator Bacon of modern experimental sciences also depicts China in many places in the book，and the earliest proposal in China's "three major inventions" to introduce Western people to promote the development of Europe。According to this, it can be said，Zhang Jian and the Yuan Dynasty in the Western Han Dynasty were the most outstanding representative of the "polar meeting" of Chinese and Western cultures in the era of Eurasia and Africa's land civilization.。

　Ren enhancement:Chinese and Western cultural exchanges have a long history，The knowledge about China before the Han Dynasty has begun to pass，The development of the Sui and Tang dynasties after the Sui and Tang Dynasties，In the Yuan Dynasty, a relatively stable state appeared，Marco Polo who came to China at this time，Especially its records of "Marco Polo Travel" about China set off a "Oriental Hot" in Europe。And Columbus is also under the stimulus of this travel note，Set on the journey to find the new continent。During this period of time, the businessman who came to China、Traveler、envoy，The Chinese culture and historical information you know are basically floating light、A subjective impression，The China presented in their mouths or in the pen is a distant country full of exotic and exotic style，From this，China becomes the object of western hunting and the mysterious kingdom full of imagination。Due to these businessmen、Travelers do not understand Chinese at all，The introduction of their ideological consciousness or cultural knowledge，Also discount。

　Mei Qianli:Yes。Due to the indirect trade of China Europe，The West of the Roman Empire has known Chinese silk。But the understanding of that time was fragmented，Can't talk about the complete "middle" learning。Because the China -Europe exchanges stopped later，China is very vague in the imagination of Europeans，Its existence is not very certain。16th century，After the Portuguese developed marine navigation，China Europe has established contact again，Chinese and Western cultural exchanges have become very frequent，Middle School Westward passes from this really start。

　　People of European consciousness look for modern change resources from Chinese thoughts

　　"China Social Sciences":What are the characteristics?

　　Liu Xiaoting:early 16th century，Italian missionaries, Matteo Ricci, come to China，He is Hanfu、Confucian Rites、Being the official，In order to enter Chinese society and spread Catholic beliefs。He also translated Chinese Confucianism and Taoism works, especially "Four Books" and other translated into Europe，Let Westerners start to understand the essence of Chinese culture。Subsequent other missionary translated ancient Chinese works into different languages ​​in different languages ​​for various reasons.，Form the trend of diffusion。

　Ren enhancement:Qianjia Li's ban on the right to teach，Chinese and Western cultural exchanges can be described as spectacular。From the 16th century to the 18th century，Middle School West Biography in this period，Mainly because of a large number of missionaries from Western countries poured into China，They started studying Chinese，and a certain in -depth research on China's history and cultural scriptures。So，Scholars Zhang Xiping also referred to this period as "Missionary Sinology"，It was originally mainly Confucian classics，Since then from scientific writing to natural science literature，From historical philosophy to literature and art，Many aspects involving Chinese culture。But before the 19th century，These do not belong to the "academic" category in the strict sense。

　　Mei Qianli:"Missionary Sinology" is different from the professional Sinology of the following later。First，There are obvious religious colors，Judging Chinese cultural value from the perspective of Christianology。Next，Due to the strict control of foreign religion in the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Missionary must take a layer route，This makes their Sinology research focus on the official、Elite Confucian culture，Especially Confucian classics，More hostile Buddhism、Taoism and folk religion。again，Due to the 16th -17th centuries Catholic staff accepted Boya Education，In addition to theology of its learning subjects，It also includes astronomy、Physics, etc.，Therefore, the sinology research of missionaries covers many of our disciplines today。

　　"China Social Sciences":Middle School West Biography of Missionary Sinology，Why is it specially favored by the Western ideological world?

　　Mei Qianli:There are two main factors for the emergence of "Missionary Sinology"。First, the Ming and Qing government only allows businessmen or diplomats to stay at the port or capital for a short time，But allow missionaries to settle in China，Even in the long -term service of the imperial court。Second, the missionaries quickly discovered，They must learn to study Chinese culture，can be preached more effectively。These two factors lead to the first two hundred years of "missionary sinology" monopolizing Western Sinology。

　　Liu Xiaoting:On the other hand, the West in the most prosperous period of the West Biography of Middle School，Europe was in the early stages of modernization of modernization，All people of insight are looking for ideological resources that are suitable for change，The distant Oriental thought has become precious wealth。Representative Peer in the early stage of the Enlightenment has absorbed China's tolerance thoughts、Anthearted thoughts and ethical philosophy。The flag bearer of the Enlightenment, Voltaire is a concentrated representative of Chinese thought in France，He spent a lot of space in "Customs" to introduce Chinese history、Culture、Ethics and science，And gives a high evaluation。Montesquien fully discussed Chinese law、Ethics and religion。The most important representative of Germany is Leibniz、Wolf and Goethe。Edit of Libnitz published "China Near" and "Chinese Emperor Biography"，Written "On the Chinese Theology of Chinese"，There are a lot of communication with missionaries about all aspects of China，Before the rise of German Sinology in Germany、The highest evaluation、The largest world -class thinker，It has also become a model of cultural exchanges between China and the West。Goethe, as the general of the Cyclonus Movement，In the following half of life, it shows great enthusiasm for Chinese culture, especially Chinese literature，Published a number of scripts and poems。In philosophy，Goethe focuses on China's ethical thoughts, especially Confucius' moral philosophy，In his later years, he tends to China Natural Thought。Western philosopher Kant in the 18th century、Held、Hegel, etc. also follow Chinese philosophy，It's just that they are too narcissistic to the so -called "logic" and add criticized evaluation of Chinese philosophy。

　　"China Social Sciences":The Western attention of the West after the 19th century，What are the changes?

　　Ren Enhancement:If "China Hot" appeared in Europe in the 18th century，So when history enters the 19th century，Especially after the Opium War，West's attitude towards China has gradually changed from "heat" to "cold"。This aspect originated from the differences and disparity between China and the West in terms of social systems and military strength，Western forces are strong and China is declining，Therefore, we will take more negative evaluations of China; on the other hand，Also because of the subject of the west of Dongxue。New religion missionaries who come to China during this period，Start large -scale penetration into China，Hbiated research work has begun，The Chinese people who came to Huaxi with the prestigious missionaries and diplomats turned their attention to Chinese novels and operas，and even social life、folk customs and folk customs、Chinese and foreign relations。to the 20th century，The spiritual confusion and trauma caused by the two world wars，and the alienation and destruction of human nature of capitalist industrial civilization，The Western World began to seek ideological resources and spiritual comfort from the East，Large translation and introduction of Chinese culture。Philosophy，There is Lao Zhuang philosophy and Zen; literary aspects，is Han Mountain、Poems from Wang Wei and others。After the 1950s and 1960s，Western Sinology began to enter a new stage- "Chinese Studies"。Some scholars think，This concept was mainly produced in the Chinese research that the United States engaged in social political science in the middle of the 20th century。This research will focus on the research on traditional Chinese literature in the past to the real politics of Chinese reality、Society、Studies in the fields of diplomacy and economy。

　　Mei Qianli:The West of the 19th century entered the professional Sinology stage，About 1814 ABEL Rémusat served as the first Chinese professor at the Collège de France。But there are overlap in these two stages。Because in the 19th century，Catholicism or Protestant's "Missionary Sinology" still plays a leading role。until the 20th century，Only Sinology Institutions in Europe and the United States，This is today's professional Sinology。First，The religious colors of professional sinology are relatively light，Strong objectivity，but but，It is also impossible to avoid studying China from the perspective of European and American cultural perspectives。Next，Specialty is stronger，Study China from a separate field，For example, economics、Sociology、Law, etc.。again，Because European and American academics are affected by the trend of practicalism，Sinology Studies, especially Sin studies in the United States，Pay more attention to modern，Ignore Chinese classical culture。

　　Liu Xiaoting:One problem that is unavoidable to study the West Biography of the West of the West is，Westerners' major changes to attitude towards China。Generally speaking，Everbright praise and affirmation of China before 18th century is the main theme，or even worship。and the sound of negation and degradation since the 19th century started to be more。The academic world analyzes the various reasons for them，In summary, there are four main points: First, think，There are rising and downward、There is a natural historical process with a degradation and derogation，It is normal; the second is to think，This is generally directly related to the European's own destiny，Because of the modernization of Western modernization，The international status of China Europe has undergone fundamental changes，This brings changes in cultural mentality and perspective; the third is to think，The dispute between etiquette has led to the culture of Chinese and Western culture，Test each other; the fourth is to think，In the process of modernization, European thought completed self -construction，formed a new type of theory that Ziri said，"European Center View" formed，So arrogantly，Start lining him。Of course, these reasons are not unilaterally played，but comprehensive。

　　Research features in mutual viewing and dialogue with overseas sinology

　　"China Social Sciences":Since modern times，People pay more attention to the influence of Western Xue East。In fact，Looking at history，Culture communication and influence are often mutual。How should I think of the relationship between the West Chuan and Western Xue East?

　　Mei Qianli:17-18 Century，Western Xuedong has a close relationship with the middle school West Biography，Because the same missionary often participates in two aspects at the same time。For example, Matteo Ricci introduced the Chinese philosophy and theology to the Chinese in "The Truth"，Also introduced Chinese history to Europeans in "Jesus and Catholic Entering the History of China"、Society、Culture。Western thought entered China，Chinese thought has entered the West at the same time。West Xue Dongjian and Middle School West Biography，Use different languages，Facing different objects，Also tells different topics。

We can be sure，The secularization and modernization process of Europe is affected by Confucianism，China provides auxiliary role for the Enlightenment。On the contrary，In the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Western thought in China is very limited，Since the Republic of China，Chinese thought has been dominated by Western thoughts, especially Marxist thoughts。In the history of Chinese and Western ideological exchanges，We see the role of the recipient's role，And this acceptance process was relatively independent at the time。European intellectuals follow the secularization of their own attention、Democraticism to accept Chinese thought，And the Chinese accept Western thoughts。These two dynamic processes are side by side。But，From the 20th century，Due to the closer of ideological communication，Westerners share a lot of common values ​​with the Chinese，Even if the two may have differences in the understanding of the same value。Because of the existence of possible Bet365 lotto review differences，Today's cultural exchanges between China and the West are more meaningful，Must be further deepened。

　　Liu Xiaoting:China is a "post -issuing" country that is late in the modern wave of wake -up in China，Therefore, it also passively affected the hard entry of the culture of Chinese and foreign culture in the globalization movement，People call this process "Western School East"。For a long time，This word high -frequency land occupies the focus position of cultural comparison，It makes people always think that the communication of east and west culture is unidirectional。In recent years，Digital with overseas Sinology materials，Scholars are getting more and more discovery，It is far from that simple。On the one hand，Cultural interaction is rarely unidirectional，The effect and reaction exist at the same time; on the other hand，The impact of Chinese culture on Europe far exceeds people's imagination，Science and Technology of China、Culture and Art、Philosophy, religion and other aspects，A wide and profound impact on Europe on time span and spatial radiation surface。This process is now called "Middle School West Biography"。"Western School East" and "Middle School West Biography" In principle, it is almost simultaneously carried out。

　　"China Social Sciences":Since the 20th century，Chinese and Western scholars have more exchanges and interactions in the research field of Chinese ideology and culture。But some scholars think，Misunderstandings of Christianity of Chinese philosophy and thought from the early missionaries in the Sinology stage of the early missionary，Negative evaluation under the influence of the European Center in the later period，Need to review and reflect in the academic community。

　Ren enhancement:Cultural misunderstanding is a phenomenon common in the early days of cultural exchanges between China and the West。Earlier missionaries in China have an interpretation of Chinese Confucianism.，Try to find the trace of God's revelation in the original Chinese classics，undoubtedly out of the need for mission，Prove to the emperor and scholars from China to prove that Jereal and Taoism is the same source。Western scholars' interpretation of Chinese classics，It can explain the long -lasting charm of Chinese ideology and culture in the West，It also shows that any interpretation of other people's culture is subject to the historic and limited nature of the interpreter。Whether it is the Christian interpretation of early missionaries on Chinese culture，It was still the description and shaping of the negative image of China in the 19th century.，All reflect that Westerners often build different cognitions of China according to their own needs。Chinese scholars engaged in overseas Sinology research，To look at and dialogue with overseas sinology，Think about Chinese culture in new thinking。

　　Mei Qianli:In the past middle school Western Studies, mainly Western scholars played the leading role，Because they have language advantages，Being able to read Latin、Portuguese text、Spanish and French。In the last 20 years，Many universities in China have re -opened Latin Course，Many young scholars can grasp several European languages，The bigger and bigger research team they constitute，Being able to carry out more in -depth research cooperation with Western scholars。One of the most obvious research progress is the processing of archives literature。Many sinology research of missionaries has not been published，Rome、Paris、Lisbon、Madrid、Langes and archives in London have collected a lot of such documents。Chinese young scholars with language ability are gradually increasing，In the future, they can continue to study new discoveries，Digging the sound of being ignored in the past。About the field of research，Past research concentrated on official thoughts，Including Emperor Court、Chronicles、Research on Confucian classics，The current research also noticed the folk level and local characteristics。Regardless of China or Western scholars，All must have the same standards，Collect Chinese and Western original literature and second -hand information，Pay attention to literature，Verify the difference between different documents，Maintain objective judgment。

　　Liu Xiaoting:20th Century，With the increase in human communication ability and deep widespread，Western understanding of China also has a qualitative leap，Especially starting to reverse the perspective of Oriental Studies as others in the traditional "Oriental Studies"。This except for general reasons，Also "go global" with the Chinese people，Especially China stands up by China as an independent emerging development.，There is a direct and close relationship。

Today，The international academic community has finally discovered the charm of Chinese thought and the best leader，and "I don't want to，Do not apply to people "The practice philosophy of practice is determined to be" golden rules "。Current，Many European countries have established a comparative philosophical research center，The side of its comparison is Chinese philosophy。So，Today's cross -cultural dialogue，Development of Chinese and Western philosophy，Color is presented，It is bound to show each director，complement each other。