The bet365 live casino games spread of the new coronavirus pneumonia epidemic,Causing a bet365 live casino games economic “shutdown”。Some research points out,The impact of the epidemic on the economy will exceed that of the 2008 bet365 live casino games financial crisis,Even exceeds the impact of the bet365 live casino games economic "Great Depression" from 1929 to 1933。I think,There is great uncertainty about the development direction of the bet365 live casino games economy after the epidemic,And there is a lot of certainty among the uncertainties。We must accurately grasp the bet365 live casino games economic trends after the epidemic,These uncertainties and certainties must be carefully studied。
The future direction of the bet365 live casino games economy is uncertain.What is certain is,bet365 live casino games politics after the epidemic、The economy will undergo great changes。But the depth and breadth of changes are highly uncertain。The uncertainty of the bet365 live casino games economy under the epidemic is mainly caused by three uncertain factors。First,The final scale and impact of the epidemic spreading around the world is difficult to determine。Second,It is uncertain when humans will be able to develop a vaccine or specific drug to deal with the virus。Third,The impact of the epidemic on the bet365 live casino games economy is uncertain。Whether systemic financial risks will occur in major economies such as the United States,It is uncertain how long the bet365 live casino games economic "shutdown" will last and how much impact it will have。Based on the current situation,Liquidity shortage problem alleviated,The possibility of systemic financial risks is still low in the short term。
Due to the above-mentioned uncertainties in the bet365 live casino games economy,We must be cautious when judging bet365 live casino games economic trends,It is important to make plans for different scenarios。
The possibility of bet365 live casino games supply chain restructuring and in-depth adjustment of globalization is increasing。bet365 live casino games supply chains will be reorganized,But the depth and breadth of the reorganization are uncertain。This depends on the public policy discussions and final decision-making results of various countries after the epidemic。
With the spread of the bet365 live casino games epidemic,Concerns among developed economies about their over-reliance on the supply of medical protective supplies and drugs from China and other countries have increased significantly。The status of public health security in the national security system will increase significantly,This will lead to a certain degree of bet365 live casino games supply chain restructuring。The formation of the bet365 live casino games supply chain is an important manifestation of the development of economic globalization in the past 30 years,China’s role in the bet365 live casino games pharmaceutical supply chain is crucial。Almost all of the raw materials for some pharmaceuticals in the United States come from China,includes azithromycin、Antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins。Although India is also one of the world's largest pharmaceutical exporters,But 70% of its APIs rely on China,Antibiotics at Key、Fever-reducing drugs, etc.,India’s dependence on Chinese APIs is nearly 100%。Obviously,When public health and safety awareness is highlighted,The reorganization of bet365 live casino games supply chains is inevitable。
After 30 years of rapid development, economic globalization,The domestic public opinion environment and political foundation have undergone major changes。The 2008 bet365 live casino games financial crisis was an important watershed,Populism in the United States and other countries after the crisis、The forces of protectionism are clearly on the rise,The election of Trump in 2016 meant that populist and protectionist forces took power、Reversal of the direction of economic globalization。Economic globalization itself has brought huge benefits to all countries,But the problem is,Improper domestic policies of various countries,The uneven income distribution caused by globalization。The U.S. economy has a heavy debt burden,The serious disparity between rich and poor leads to social division,The Gini Index in the United States has regressed to more than 100 years ago,This is American populism、The most important reason for the rise of protectionism。2020 is the US election year,Party struggle、The impact of political polarization on economic policy will expand,Globalization and its reliance on “Made in China” will be further criticized in the new environment of the bet365 live casino games epidemic。
In addition,Some other development trends affecting economic globalization have greater certainty。First,The relationship between the state and the market、The relationship between the state and society will undergo major adjustments。Value preferences will undergo great changes,There will be an increased emphasis on security and order,State intervention in the economy will rise。In this process,The influence of China’s governance model will continue to grow。Second,International technological innovation competition will become more intense,New Technology、New mode、New business formats will emerge,And determine the international competitive status of each country。The epidemic makes big data、The role of artificial intelligence is more prominent;International competition in technology and business models will intensify;Europe is worried about becoming the so-called "digital colony" of China and the United States,More countermeasures and self-improvement measures will be taken。Third,Strategic Competition among Great Powers、Ideological competition、Competition in development models and geopolitical competition will intensify under the new bet365 live casino games situation。Strategic competition among great powers will restructure the world’s geoeconomic and geopolitical landscape。The strategic competition between major powers represented by the competition between China and the United States will intensify;Geoeconomic and geopolitical restructuring will occur in different regions,The influence of the United States will further decline,Regional cooperation and competition will take on new forms。
The direction of Sino-US relations will be a key factor affecting the bet365 live casino games economic trend after the epidemic。China and the United States are the two largest economies in the world,Is an important part of the bet365 live casino games supply chain,The impact of the adjustment of Sino-US political and economic relations will be bet365 live casino games、bet365 live casino games。It can be said,There is no policy that China and the United States have jointly embraced economic globalization in the past 30 years,There would be no globalization today。Same,If the two countries’ economies and technology are “decoupled”,It will also completely reverse the direction of globalization。
Under the current epidemic,The nature of Sino-US relations has further changed。The trend has further strengthened from a relationship dominated by cooperation in the past to a relationship dominated by strategic competition and ideological competition between great powers。The reasons for the qualitative change in Sino-US relations generally include: China’s rise is too fast,Changed the world pattern dominated by the United States and the West after World War II,The United States is unwilling to accept the decline of its hegemony and attacks its competitors;They believe that China’s system and development model challenge the American and Western models,China’s success in responding to the epidemic and its expanding influence,Heightened their ideological concerns,Making various excuses,Accusing China of improper handling of the epidemic、Opacity of information, etc.,Confusion,Fighting a war of public opinion;China is climbing rapidly in the bet365 live casino games supply chain,The "Made in China 2025" plan threatens the economic and technological dominance of the United States。Of course,This is American hardliners deliberately exaggerating China’s power,Creating excuses to contain China’s development。In the context of increasing competition between China and the United States,The phenomenon of "three factions" converging against China in the United States,i.e. trade hawk、Safety Hawk、Human rights hawks all demand tough policies against China。current,Some American voices have even proposed providing subsidies to companies willing to move back to the United States or to other countries。
Looking to the future,The bet365 live casino games economy may form two parallel international supply chains,A US-centered one,A China-centered one。China and the United States may continue to fight a trade war,The result is an increase in tariffs、Increased barriers to technical communication,The connection between the two major markets of China and the United States may gradually weaken。However,What is not certain is,How far will the United States promote the adjustment of bet365 live casino games supply chains。
The policy choices of China and the United States will have an important impact on the development direction of economic globalization after the epidemic,At the same time, it will also affect the direction of the world order after the epidemic,And bet365 live casino games peace、Stability and prosperity。The biggest challenge in current Sino-US relations is the lack of strategic and political mutual trust between the two sides。China and the United States are the two largest economies in the world,Responsibility to maintain the momentum of globalization。I think the way out for Sino-US relations lies in three aspects: first,Both sides must redefine their understanding of the common interests of China and the United States;Second,Carry out effective dialogue among civilizations and dialogue on national governance models;Third,China and the United States should expand their role in bet365 live casino games public health、Cooperation in non-traditional security fields such as climate change。According to statistics from the World Health Organization,More than 20 major cross-border epidemics in the past 80 years,60% occurred in this century,8 times concentrated in the last 10 years and the frequency of outbreaks has increased。International public health and climate warming are common challenges facing mankind,It requires the unity and cooperation of the international community to successfully respond。China and the United States should play a leading role in this regard,At the same time, you can use non-traditional security cooperation platforms,Increase strategic mutual trust and political mutual trust,Maintain the stability of the bet365 live casino games economic order。
(The author is a professor at the School of International Relations, Peking University、Director bet365 live casino games Center for American Studies at Peking University)
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