Since the 1990s，Directed by a developed country by developed countries、The global value chain division of the developing country and the transformation of emerging economic volumes has become a typical feature in the context of economic globalization。But，The outbreak of the financial crisis in 2008，The global economy falls into a weak and dilemma，Leading many countries back to the protectionist camp，Averse globalization momentum。In recent years，Cross -border investment growth stagnation，Global trade growth slowed，Global value chain has metastasis or even atrophic trend。New crown pneumonia epidemic and Sino -US economic and trade friction factor intertwined，Further catalyze a new round of value chain reconstruction in the context of a new round of global trade protectionist。How to ensure the toughness of the value chain supply chain，Prevent value chain risk conduction，It is the issue that needs to be answered urgently at present。

Under the background of the global value chain reconstruction and adjustment，Comprehensively study the development of globalization and characteristics，In -depth inspection of the global value chain research，Further think about the new trend of global economic and trade governance，It helps us to better grasp the new problems in global development under the change of a hundred years of unreasonable changes，Provide a possible path for the construction of a community of human destiny for exploring the perspective of the global value chain division of labor。

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　　The evolution and development of the global value chain theory，Unlike the development and changes of globalization。In the past 70 years，Trade、Investment liberalization policy and export -oriented industrial policy dominate the world，Cross -border labor cost arbitrage space in the macroeconomic field is large，International trade costs greatly reduced。Technical development also allows production to achieve refined division of labor，Make the multinational collaboration on the complex international supply chain possible。Specifically，The development of the global value chain mainly experienced three stages。

The global industrial layout within the developed countries in the 1950s。After World War II，The United States becomes a new manufacturing center。But the post -war international political pattern uncertainty is high，In addition, the problem of overcapacity of domestic industrial development is more sharp，The United States helps Western European countries represented by Germany through the Marshall plan and Japan，On the one hand, build an ally group，On the other hand, open up foreign markets for excess capacity in China。Therefore，The global value chain adjustment at this stage is mainly reflected in the United States -led，The internal industry transfer of developed countries such as Western European countries and Japan as the undertaking party。The layout mode of this value chain is reflected as the typical features of the cooperation of "North -North"，Developing countries and emerging economies are not participants in global production division of labor。East Asian State，Japan is the first to integrate into the global value chain division of labor，Start the early industrial undertaking and technology introduction，Play a solid foundation bet365 best casino games for subsequent international industrial transfer and global value chain adjustment in the second stage。

The rise of the emerging economy -dominated value chain layout of the emerging economy dominated by Japan in the 1960s and 1970s。As a developed country with a more complete industrial system before World War II，Thanks to the industrial transfer and technology output of the United States，The 1960s and 1970s，Japan conducted a second large -scale value chain layout adjustment to the emerging economy represented by the "Four Asia"。After World War II，Japan develops vigorously with machinery、Heavy Industry, represented by steel, etc.，At the same time, promote the formation of corporate capital accumulation and production scale、rangeization。undertake the industrial transfer of the United States，Coupled with domestic heavy industrial policy support，Japan's economy achieves leap in development。But Japan also gradually faces the problem of restrictions such as resource bottlenecks。To break the economic development，Japan is closer to geographical distance around 1960、South Korea with a good development foundation and good prospects、Singapore, Hong Kong and Taiwan and other emerging economies to open the second value chain layout adjustment。In the background of this transfer，South Korea and other emerging economies to achieve rapid economic growth，Created the miracle of economic growth during this period，These emerging economies are also known as "Asian Four Little Dragons"。

In the 1980s, developing countries with developing countries as the main body of the main body。After the economy after a short golden period，"Four Little Dragons in Asia" gradually began to be with the United States、Japan and other developed economies are facing the same development dilemma，and began to re -seek elements and allocation resources globally。During this period，China begins to implement reform and opening up，The abundant labor elements provided by the remaining labor resources of the countryside，At the end of 2001，Provides policy soil for large -scale international trade and investment selection in the Chinese market，The interweaving of all these factors allows China to gradually have to undertake East Asia、United States、The key capabilities and core elements of the industrial chain links in Europe and other countries and regions。In this process，Along with the huge market size and demand potential, it is continuously stimulated，China has quickly established a complete industrial system，Become a new center of economic development in Asia，"Made in China" has also become China's "new logo" under the global division of labor system。Of course，Different from the previous two value chain layout，For the third time, the industrial transfer with China as the main body is no longer based on the "North -North" cooperation model as the main feature，Developing countries and emerging economies have gradually become the new main force involved in the global value chain。

Long -term development and evolution since the Second World War，Global value chain division of labor has been deeply developed。The current global value chain layout has the following typical features。First，"Multi -Peak" value chain division of labor gradually forms。Relying on three large -scale layout adjustments in history，The current global value chain has formed a new pattern of "three -legged" division -China、The United States and Germany have become Asia、Central Node of the Value Chain of the Americas and Europe。This development trend means，Value chains bet365 best casino games in each region are divergent by radiating at the central production place as the core，Location factor has become an important driving factor for the extension of the global value chain。Second，The "hollow" of the manufacturing industry in developed countries makes its high -end manufacturing return to accelerate。Due to the large -scale global value chain layout in the early stage，Developed countries in developed countries fall into the "hollow" predicament of the manufacturing industry。After the financial crisis in 2008，The economic recovery process of the United States and other countries is slow，The unemployment rate is high，As a result, developed countries have proposed "manufacturing backflow"，Then promote the domestic "re -industrialization"，VIA to alleviate the "hollow" predicament of the manufacturing industry。At the same time，This move will also largely promote its domestic high -end manufacturing and technological innovation technology to develop to a higher level，So as to achieve the body circulation of high -end chain within developed countries，This may further open the gap between the low -end chain that is undertaken by developing countries。third，The vulnerability of the traditional value chain layout under the epidemic of new crown pneumonia is becoming more prominent。The epidemic of new crown pneumonia not only caused huge losses to the economies of various countries，At the same time, the risk transmission problem caused by the deepening of the global value chain division of labor is further amplified。The vulnerability and risk of the global value chain，It may become the cause of a new round of trade protectionism。

　　Global value chain theory evolution and research focus

　　The 1930s，The "Goose Theory" to propose the proposal of Japanese economist Akashi reveals that the mature industries in developed countries are "geese"，Migration to "geese" that is, developing countries，Then the industrial transfer theory of global or regional division of labor development pattern。，Raymond Funnon proposed "product life cycle theory"，It is pointed out that developed countries mainly occupy the R & D links with higher added value，The production link with relatively low added value is mainly transferred to developing countries。1985，Michael Potter proposed the concept of "value chain"; 2001，Gali Jerfei and others proposed the "Global Value Chain" theory and five main governance modes，Make the global value chain division of labor models from actual economic phenomena to academic research perspective process becomes more intuitive and clear。

In the global value chain production division of labor system，Traditional "Made in State" transformed into "Made in the World"，The raw materials between multinational and intermediate investment in transnational nationality have become the key composition of international trade。Because product production is no longer limited to a certain country，Instead, rely on cooperative division of labor in various countries around the world，Therefore, the rise of the global value chain division of labor also challenged the calculation method of using traditional trade to measure the benefits of trade。Explore "the way to truly reflect the operation of international trade"，Calculating the value composition of the global value chain link，The decisive factor and impact effect of studying the global value chain，is the main content of the global value chain research，It is also one of the focus areas of academic research in the past 20 years。

Measurement of the Global Value Chain。In the actual calculation process，According to the data type used，bet365 best casino games The calculation of the global value chain embeddedness can be summarized into two methods。One type of calculation method at the macro level，It is mainly based on the value -added trade calculation research at the country or industry level based on multi -regional input -output models in international organizations。This measurement method is committed to building and analyzing the value -added trade decomposition framework at the level of the industry and bilateral countries，Promote the research and development of the global value chain from the country from the country to the industry level and bilateral perspective。Another type of research starts from a micro perspective，Calculating the added value of the export at the enterprise level。Troubleshot exploration，This calculation method is continuously improved，It can more accurately measure the export of the micro -enterprise level to the domestic added value composition。

Decisive factors of the global value chain。Global Value Chain division of labor is the main form of international division of labor in the context of economic globalization，The decisive factor of the decisive factor of the development of the global value chain from multiple dimensions。summarized，The current research on the decisive factors of the global value chain is mainly divided into five categories。First, the perspective of the heterogeneity factors of the enterprise。Many studies take the heterogeneity of the enterprise as the entry point，Explore the impact of the differences in corporate characteristics on the division of labor of the value chain，Including the efficiency level of the enterprise、Financing constraints、The level of serviceization of manufacturing，and other corporate characteristics such as corporate ownership、Geographical location、Trade model and capital、Technical density and other effects on the company's participation in global value chain division of labor。Second is the research perspective of multinational companies。According to the Research Report of the United Nations Trade Conference，The global value chain trade dominated by multinational companies accounts for about 80%of global trade。A long -term contract、Outsourcing and direct investment to realize the transfer of production processes and global re -configuration。Third, the external system and market environment factors。Signation of the trade agreement、Marketization of financial structure、Intellectual property protection intensity、The quality of the contract execution will all improve the status of the company's value chain from the perspective of optimizing the market environment。and market segmentation、The intensification of upstream monopoly will seriously damage the ability of enterprises to create domestic added value。Fourth is the influence of the size of the local market。Expansion of the local market size，Can be converted into a new advantage in international competition，To enhance the attractiveness of the high -end links of the manufacturing industry to realize the gradient transfer of value chain。Five is the impact of technological progress。Technical progress and research and development innovation，It is an upgrade of the value chain in developing countries，The important driving factor that rises from the low value -added link to the high value -added link。From the foundry -based to R & D to change，It is the main channel to realize this jump。

Effect Research on the Effect of Global Value Chain。Study on the effects of the existing global Bet365 app download value chain has the following angles。First，Impact on corporate productivity。Analysis based on the national level，Global Value Chain Emb embedded in the entire factor productivity of middle -developed emerging economies significantly promoted。But for emerging economies and developing economies，This effect is not significant。Studies based on the regional level proposed the productivity overflow effect of the global value chain in the region and between regions。Discovery based on an enterprise level，Global value chain embedded can effectively improve the productivity level of the enterprise，And the U -shaped relationship。Second，Effect on financing constraints。Research Discovery，embedded global value chain will effectively alleviate the financing constraints of enterprises，so as to achieve "export learning effect" based on financing capabilities。third，Effects of Innovation and Technology Upgrade。Although deeply embedded in the value chain division in developing countries such as China，However, existing research has also found that passively integrating the value chain divided by the developed countries may fall into the dilemma of "low -end lock"。This is excessively dependent on the intermediate investment in imports、The weak absorption capacity of local enterprises and the "capture" effect of developing countries for developing countries。Fourth，Effect on the cost of corporate costs。Existing research discover，Embedded into the global value chain can significantly increase the cost bonus of the enterprise。At the same time，For developing countries，When a company may threaten the vested interests of developed countries，It may face the constraints of multinational companies in developed countries，thereby curbing the cost bonus of the enterprise，The impact of embedded value chain on the cost bonus presents the inverted U -shaped relationship。Fifth，Effect on product quality and export technology complexity。About product quality，Research found that companies embedded the global value chain to promote product quality，However, excessive embedding will curb the improvement of the product's product quality。About the complexity of export technology，Experience evidence from the industry supports the embedding of the value chain will help improve the complexity of export technology，However, the evidence from the corporate level does not fully support this phenomenon。Sixth，Effect on the comparative advantage of the industry。Global Value Chain Reconstruction will promote changes in the international competition pattern，Then it affects the comparative advantages of various countries or specific industries。Discovery index of displaying comparative advantage index based on the value -added value of trade in the manufacturing industry，China's comparative advantage has been climbed from labor -intensive industries to capital and technology -intensive industries。Seventh，Effect on the labor market。Study points out，For emerging markets and developing countries，Value chain embedded will expand the wage gap; for OECD countries，but will reduce the wage gap。In addition，Research also found，China and other developing countries participating in the value chain branch union to promote the employment level of enterprises。Eighth，Effect on environmental pollution。can be classified as three categories: carbon emissions based on input -output models to calculate bet365 best casino games production and trade、Evaluate the impact of the global layout of multinational companies on environmental pollution、Use the value chain indicator for the regression analysis of environmental effects。Experience discovery from China，Global value chain embedded will significantly reduce the hidden carbon emissions of the trade industry in the industrial industry。

　　New needs call for global economic and trade governance reform

Deepen development of the global value chain，Not only has an important impact on the international economic and trade pattern，More new requirements for the current international trade rules。Research from the United Nations Trade Conference points out，Transformation of the international production system in the next 10 years，Different characteristics will be presented in different industries and regions，Diversified industrial return and production layout will appear、regionalization and copy of the four kinds of transformation trajectory。All these features will largely affect the adjustment of the global economic and trade governance system。

Traditional multilateralism under the WTO framework is reconstructed by the value chain。The existing WTO multilateral trade rules are based on traditional trade models, that is, cross -border flow of goods，But this can no longer meet the current global value chain system to make products globally、Elements、Investment、Personnel、New requirements for the optimization configuration of knowledge and services。The global value chain does not match the existing trade rules，The urgent need of WTO reform has been born，Especially for the facilitation of trade for the development of the trade in the middle product、Service Trade Liberalization、Investment liberalization and new needs of standards and regulations。These new needs call for the new economic and trade governance system，The extension of the extension of the policy from the border policy to the border is the general trend。These policies and measures involve the integration of domestic policy and international standards、The consistentization of supervision of various countries，and the construction of international standards。

Diversified production layout calls more developing countries to adapt and lead new economic and trade rules。Sino -US trade friction、New crown pneumonia's epidemic is superimposed with uncertainty and other uncertainty，Repeated thinking about "efficiency and safety"，How to ensure the value chain、Industrial Chain、Supply chain toughness becomes a new consideration target。The effective idea of ​​solving this dilemma，The configuration of the value chain link through the production layout diversification，The risk of crash caused by the collapse of the entire value chain due to the breaking of the local value chain。At the same time，Effectively reduce transportation costs，Ensure the security supply and operation of the value chain，It is also an effective production layout mode in the post -epidemic era。Diversified production layout requires more economies and enterprises to participate in the global value chain。Developing countries are an important participant in international trade，Globalization of production layout calls developing countries to participate in the revision and formulation of international economic and trade rules。

Value Chain Land Regional Gathering promotes the in -depth development of the regional integrated agreement。According to the statistics of WTO，The regional trade agreement has increased from about 50 items in 1990 to the current about 500 items，Among them, large regional bet365 live casino games trade agreements such as comprehensive and progressive cross -Pacific Partnership Agreement (CPTPP), etc.，It is a typical representative of the new height of the current international economic and trade rules。These regional trade agreements have extended the content covered by the agreement from the extension of goods trade to investment、Service，and domestic measures such as intellectual property protection、Government procurement、Competitive policy, etc.，While achieving the goal of strengthening the free flow of products and elements in the region，Effectively connected with new demand under the division of global value chain。

The wave of new industrial revolution urgently needs new economic and trade rules。Under the wave of the fourth industrial revolution，Automation of artificial intelligence technical support、Digitalization、Dataization and other key technologies will affect the future change of international production system，The length of the global value chain、Geographical distribution and management methods will have different effects。On the one hand，These key technologies reduce costs、Eliminate flow barriers，broaden the boundary and profitable of the global value chain production division of labor; but on the other hand，Also cross -border large -scale data flow、Information Security、Digital Economy Trade Rules、Intellectual property、Open service industry, etc., put forward higher requirements。Like global digital trade、Cross -border data flow and data security, and the opening of the intensive service industry and other issues，It has become a new hotspot that promotes the formulation of higher levels of global economic and trade rules under the leadership of the digital economy。

　　(The author is a special professor of the Yangtze River scholar of the Ministry of Education、Professor of School of Economics, Nankai University; Researcher Researcher of the China World Trade Organization Research Institute of the University of Foreign Economics and Trade)