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Lester R. Brown, which was thrown by "Who will feed China" in 1994，It has caused heated discussions on the world's grain safety related issues in the world。For the past few decades，my country shows the world as a responsible country，We can support ourselves。2019，my country's total grain output is 1327.7 billion kg，increased yield of 11.9 billion kg over 2018，and stabilized more than 1.3 trillion kg for five consecutive years。

But，A sudden epidemic at the end of 2019 has once again caused Chinese people to worry about food security。Under the impact of the epidemic，Vietnam、Kazakhstan、Serbia、Algeria and other countries have restricted agricultural products exports，The stream of the epidemic exercises severe challenges in global food security encounters。In this background，Will China's food safety be impacted? This article combines the efforts made by my country in terms of food safety and the current situation since the founding of New China，In -depth analysis of my country's unique food security policy system and policy response to new challenges。

　　"How to eat"

Ensuring food security is the primary goal of China's agricultural policy。Looking at the food policy of various periods of New China，All are the demands of the central government based on the main interests of agricultural policy，From land、Trade、circulation、Production、Population and other aspects of the specific action taken in response to food pressure。Since the founding of New China, the central government has introduced a series of policies to alleviate the pressure of grain。1984，For the first time since the founding of New China, the food "excess"，Grain production has experienced leapfrog，This means that the problem of food and clothing of the people is solved。So，We take 1984 as the time point，Dividing China's food policy into two stages of "how to eat" and "how to eat well"。

"How to eat" in 1949-1983，my country's food production is generally hovering and rising trends，Per capita food share rose from 208.95 kg in 1949 to 375.97 kg in 1983。In order to solve the problem of eating the people across the country，A series of policies were introduced in the central government，Mainly start from three aspects: First, let the people buy food，stabilize the price of food; the second is to allow farmers to have land to plant，is to protect cultivated land; the third is to increase the enthusiasm of farmers' grain，Expansion of production。

1950，my country's first overthrow feudal land ownership，Land reform，Realized the farmer's field，greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of farmers' grain，A safeguarding the interests of farmers，Grain output increased significantly。At the same time，State's food security pressure also relieves。Although the land reform has increased food output，But the national food supply is still very tight。The tension of supply and demand relationship leads to drastic fluctuations in the grain market price。To stabilize food prices and markets，1953，"Order on Planning and Planning bet365 live casino games Supply of Food" officially issued，my country begins to implement the acquisition and plan supply of food planning。So far，my country's food has entered the era of unified purchases，This policy aims to stabilize food prices，At the same time, it also provides initial capital accumulation for industrialization to make agriculture better。

Starting in 1959，Natural disasters have occurred in my country for three years。To solve the famine caused by this disaster，my country has adopted multiple policy measures。First is a trade policy。Facing the food safety crisis，To protect the interests of consumers，my country starts to import food，It guarantees the stability of the market。The second is the population policy。In the face of food supply and demand tension、Farmers' famine problems，The state is in the circumstances of weighing the interests of all parties，I believe that only the road to compress the urban population，Mobilize the urban population to go to the countryside。So，I have introduced the "Nine Methods on Reducing the Population of Urban and Town and Compressed Urban Grain Sales。

After reform and opening up，In order to mobilize the production enthusiasm of our farmers，Start the implementation of home joint production contracting responsibility system，greatly improved labor productivity。1978，The Central Government has begun to gradually adjust the policy of unified food purchase and unified sales，Two rural documents passed by the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee clearly stipulate: "After completing the national purchase task，Allow members to pass the market，Make a small amount of food、Oil and other trading。The grain department can also negotiate to acquire and sell for bargaining。"" gradually expands the scope and strength of the grain market regulation。

　　"How to eat well"

From 1984 to the present，For the "how to eat" stage。After solving the problem of food and clothing，The government begins to consider how to ensure food production，Improve the quality of agricultural products，Let the people eat "good"。1984，The country encourages farmers to enter the city for the first time，So far，Farmers have autonomy and options for non -agricultural occupations。During this period，National policy has gradually tilted towards urban and rural gaps，The interests of farmers have been further safeguarded。

1985，The phenomenon of "difficulty in selling food" in the history of New China。The significant growth of grain production has caused excess grain supply，Then lead to a decline in food prices。This is conducive to the interests of consumers，But it has damaged the interests of food and agriculture，Decreasing its production enthusiasm。During the startup period of industrialization，In order to solve the unified purchase policy of tight food purchase and sales, it is no longer applicable at this time，The state decides to implement "contract order"，Price according to the proportion of "pour three seven" — the original purchase price accounts for 30%，Super purchase price 70%。At the same time，The government begins to gradually let go of the grain market，Allow farmers to freely buy and sell excess grains other than food。"Contract Bet365 app download Order" and "Free Sale" in parallel，So far，Double -track formation of food price。

But the implementation of the dual -rail system of food has caused revenue of farmers of farmers，A large number of farmers began to shrink the area of ​​grain，Caused a large reduction in food in 1985。So，The country is transferred back to unified purchase policy。But at the same time，In order to gradually develop a market economy，The government begins to reduce the number of food ordering food，Instead of increasing the number of purchases in the grain market。During this period，The supply of grain has basically met the needs of the people's daily life。and the rapid development of the economy，Urban industrial and commercial demand for labor has further increased。So，In 1984, the state gradually liberalized the free flow of urban and rural labor，Allow farmers to raise funds、Self -reasonable food to enter the city。Subsequent，In order to adapt to the change of the economic structure，The government has introduced a series of policies to encourage labor for urban and rural flows。

In the early 1990s，Increased grain purchase price has prompted national grain output to increase year by year，But the implementation of the dual -track system has caused a huge financial burden to the government。and due to increased yield，"Difficult to sell food" appears again。The above series of factors promote the country to reform。From May 1, 1992，Most provinces and cities across the country have implemented the same price。

Increased grain supply causes downturn in food prices，This will cause farmers to lose the enthusiasm of grain，This further causes food reduction in food。In order to further protect the interests of farmers and my country's food safety，In July 1990, the State announced the implementation of the protection price system for food acquisitions。This protection price system can effectively prevent bars、Against farming and other situations appear，Ensure the sowing area of ​​food，to promote the stable growth of grain output。1993，The state announced the formal establishment of a food acquisition protection price system。So far，The far -reaching food protection price system that affects my country is officially established。But during this period，This system does not emphasize open acquisition，The implementation scope of the protection price is limited to the grain of national ordering and special reserves。

Since 1994，The country will let go of the grain market，Implement the price preservation price，No more formulation of food purchase price，but retain the number of state ordered，Throw the baggage of the inverted purchase price。The implementation of this policy gives farmers a complete production and operation autonomy，You can adjust the production structure according to the guidance of the market，Optimized scale，Increase income。At the same time，For urban residents (consumers)，After the price is released，Grain prices have not risen or even declined，It is also conducive to the interests of urban residents。Looking at the growth of grain since 1990，Although the total amount of food in that year reached 446.23 million tons，But the next two years reduced production，Bet365 app download Until 1993 increased to 456.48 million tons，The average annual increase of only 0.76%per year in three years。In this background，The Notice of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of the Grain Purchase Sales System in 1994 clearly stipulates the responsibility system of the "rice bag" governor，Strengthen the provincial government's sense of responsibility for food production，To promote food production。

other，With the rapid advancement of urbanization，In order to further develop the economy，The demand for occupying arable land is becoming stronger。But，my country's cultivated land resources are not abundant，and the space distribution extremely uneven，Cultivated land resources are the basis for ensuring my country's food safety。For this situation，In 1997, the Central Government proposed the first province (city、Area) The concept of dynamic balance between the total amount of arable land should be maintained，Standardize the use of construction land。1998，Further revision of this measure，Write it into the law，officially proposed the "Compensation System of Arable Land"。This move not only improves the ecological environment，and the effectiveness of the area of ​​stable cultivated land is outstanding。But this system also has a certain deficiency，The arable land occupied often compensates with poor arable land。For this point，The central government further modified the arable land compensation system to maintain the "quantity、Quality and Ecological Balance "。

1997-1999，my country's grain production reached a new high。1999，my country's food inventory is as high as 288 million tons，Far more than the reasonable inventory of food，A situation of "Selling Food Difficulty" appeared again。In the second half of 1999，The central government has made a decision to adjust the agricultural production structure and reduce the area of ​​grain sowing。And due to the "inverted purchase price" grain circulation system, it damages the self -development ability of state -owned grain companies，Cause huge policy loss。In just two years from 1996 to the first quarter of 1998，The national grain loss caused by "inverted purchase price" is as high as 100 billion yuan。The central government carries out the reform of the agricultural product purchase and sales system in this case。1998，The State Council announced the "Food Acquisition Regulations"，Put forward "Quartet and One Perfect"，Implementation of government -enterprise separation、Separation of the Central and Local Responsibilities、Separation of reserves and operations、New and old financial accounts separately，Improve the food price mechanism，Sales Sales。This policy still uses the system of grain acquisition and protection price，Protect the interests of farmers。and allow state -owned grain companies to acquire after the protection price higher than the market，plus the cost of the enterprise and a certain proportion of normal profits，Sales out for sale，Promoting state -owned food companies can also have a certain degree of profit。Reform of the purchasing and marketing system of agricultural products，completely reversed bet365 Play online games the situation of the agricultural product acquisition price that is seriously lower than the market price，strengthened the role of the market economy。Agricultural products are basically regulated by the market under government regulation and supervision，Promoting the marketization of agricultural production，Guarantee the interests of farmers，greatly reduced the "scissors difference" of industrial and agricultural products。

In terms of food trade，The Sino -US Agricultural Cooperation Agreement signed in April 1999 also marks the further marketization of my country's agricultural product market。This agreement allows foreign high -quality agricultural products abroad to enter the domestic market，Accelerated the competition of domestic agricultural products，strengthened the role of the market mechanism。

　　Guarding "1.8 billion mu of cultivated land red line"

It is excess grain in the country、Low grain prices and the opening of China's agricultural product market，A policy designed to protect the ecology and achieve sustainable development of farmland to the forestry.。The implementation of the policy of returning farmland to forest not only improves the ecological environment，It is also conducive to compressing grain production，Gradually reverse the relative surplus of food supply across the country，So it is conducive to reversing the situation of continuous downturn in food prices，Protect the interests of farmers，It also creates conditions for national -owned food companies to reduce losses。

Due to the adjustment of agricultural strategic structural adjustment in 1999，A lot of food sowing area has been reduced，my country's food production has declined continuously。In 1999, my country's grain output was 508.39 million tons，Food output in 2000 reduces about 10%，By 2001, the grain fell to 452.62 million tons; the grain output increased in 2002，But the growth rate is only 1%; re -reduced production in 2003，Total output is only 430.7 million tons。

The country will increase the investment in agricultural infrastructure in the field of production，On the other hand, I will give policy support in the circulation link，But this method of subsidizing farmers through subsidies to subsidize farmers，It is difficult to make the farmers breeding farmers fully enjoy the policy benefits。Coupled with the rules of WTO，The transformation of government agricultural protection policy from "yellow box" to "green box" is also the general trend。At the same time，Government's policy goals at this stage tend to reduce the gap between the rich and the poor，and the gap between the food industry and other industries is large，So，In 2004, the "direct supplement" policy of food，The subsidies will be issued through the circulation link soon，Support state -owned food enterprises to protect the price of farmers' remaining grains，As a result, the method of indirectly subsidized the farmers of grain，Change the subsidy directly into the hands of food，Practice to improve the enthusiasm of farmers' grain，Protecting farmers' rights and interests。

At the same time，The government has also made related efforts in the land system。"Rural Land Contract Law" was officially implemented on January 1, 2003，This law regulates a series of behaviors in the process of land bet365 Play online games contract，Protect the interests of farmers。The introduction of the law marks the formal legal system of the rural land contracting system，​​Have a legal effect。

From 2004，The process of urbanization in my country is accelerated。The rapid development of urbanization puts forward new requirements for how to ensure food security in the new era。In this background，2006，The level of population growth and scientific and technological development in the future，Based on strict calculations，The "Eleventh Five -Year Planning Outline of the National Economic and Social Development" adopted by the Fourth Session of the 10th National People's Congress officially proposed the concept of "1.8 billion mu of cultivated land red line"。Only the red line of 1.8 billion acres of cultivated land is firmly guarded，can ensure my country's food safety。

　　Grain safety is guaranteed

The popularity of the new crown pneumonia's epidemic has led many countries to restrict food exports in many countries，It also caused the masses to worry about food safety。For some countries that mainly depend on grain imports，The impact of the epidemic can indeed cause food shortage。But my country's dependence on the international market is less，Grain safety is guaranteed。

On the one hand，The self -sufficient rate of Chinese rations remains above 95%all year round。2019，my country's total grain output is 1327.7 billion kg，increased yield of 11.9 billion kg over 2018，and stabilized more than 1.3 trillion kg for five consecutive years。

On the other hand，my country has sufficient food inventory。According to the data released by the Development Planning Department of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs，my country's grain inventory is much higher than the safe level of 17%-18%set by the world's grain and agricultural organizations。and the inventory of the two large rations of wheat and rice is equivalent to the consumption of the people across the country for one year。

other，my country has little dependence on the international market。my country has enough main food self -sufficiency rate，Soya、Miscellaneous grains such as corn depend on import。But my country has continuously expanded the import source of soybeans in recent years，Soy soybeans are not the main grain varieties that restrict exports。And the current national reserve is sufficient，Can guarantee the stability of prices。

Despite this，We must always remember the important instructions of General Secretary Xi Jinping's "Chinese rice bowls in any time"，Persistence and unremitting work in the following aspects，Further guarantee my country's food safety。

First，Adhere to the "1.8 billion mu of cultivated land red line" without shaking。The Red Line of the 1.0 billion mu of cultivated land is a rigorous calculation after considering the progress of my country's scientific and technological progress rate and population growth.，is the basis for my country's food safety。Governments at all levels should do a good job of supervision，Strictly prevent the situation of sacrificing cultivated land for economic benefits。

Second，Further excavation of technology potential。Under the premise of a cultivated land given，How to further improve the efficiency of grain planting? The progress of science and technology Bet365 lotto review plays a vital role in it。R & D of fertilizer、Promotion of hybrid rice，greatly increased the average per mu output; greenhouse planting enables the use of land to avoid the effects of climate and seasons，greatly improved the efficiency of land use。"Father of Hybrid Rice" Academician Yuan Longping proposed the cultivation of the cultivation of salt -alkali rice varieties and core technology。my country has 1500 million acres of saline -alkali land，If the R & D is successful，This means that my country can no longer be limited by the 1.8 billion mu of cultivated land red line。The development of modern agriculture is different from the era of farming civilization，For grain from technology，my country has great potential to increase food production。

third，Strict prevention and insect pests。The early warning mechanism of major diseases and insect pests such as grasshopper greedy moths should be further done，Formulate effective prevention measures，Avoid the significant reduction of food caused by the spread of diseases and insect pests。

Current，The epidemic of new crown pneumonia is still spread in many parts of the world，It must also attach great importance to possible related risks，Early plan should be a strategy。First，It is necessary to monitor the daily supply of the finished grain in the main food sales area of ​​my country。Do a good job of the construction of a low temperature warehouse，Avoid buying grain caused by grain caused by the panic of the epidemic.。Next，The coordination of international food security and trade policy should be strengthened，Especially paying attention to Africa、South Asia and other regions of low -income countries in food security problems，Grain assistance in time and appropriately。Last，It is necessary to be vigilant and prevent the speculation of international speculative capital on the grain market。

　　(Author Unit: Chinese Rural Development Research Institute of Zhejiang University; School of Management of Zhejiang University)